1. Cellular and Wireless Networks
Fundamentals of
Cellular and Wireless Networks
Lecture ID: ET- IDA-113/114
, v11
Prof. W. Adi
Lecture-1
Introduction

2. Recommended textbooks:
Main Textbook:
Wireless Communications Principles and Practice 2nd Edition T. S. Rappaport, Prentice Hall, 2001, ISBN:
Other books of interest
Wireless Communications and Networks
William Stallings, 1st edition 2002, Printice Hall, 2002, 600 pp.
ISBN
3. Principles of Wireless Networks
Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy
Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN:
4. Modern Wireless Communications
S. Haykin and M. Moher Printice Hall 2005, ISBN

3. Wireless Communications
Historical Overview *
Early Telecommunications and Origins of Coded Transmission
• 1793, Revolutionary France
– Aerial Telegraph, invented by Claude Chappe
– Extensive network throughout France
• 1840s, Samuel F. B. Morse
– Coded transmission via electronic means
– Rapidly spread throughout US and Europe
– International Telegraph Union (ITU) formed in 1865
* Major parts of this historical overview are due to R. Katz, University of Berkley

4. Wireless Historical Overview
Submarine Telegraphy: High-Tech of the late 19th Century
• 1850: Dover-to-Calais, first submarine line
• 1858: First transatlantic cable
– Breaks after 3 months!
– President Buchanan & Queen Victoria exchange telegrams
• 1866: Relayed with higher quality cable
– Development of cable materials
• Typical Telegraphy “Performance”:
– 1870: London to Bombay in 4 minutes, 22 seconds
– 1901: London to British Guiana, 22 minutes
– 1924: Telegram around the world in 80 seconds!

5. Wireless Historical Overview
Radio Telegraphy (also know as “Wireless”)
• Radio technology
– Communicate with ships and other moving vehicles
• 1896: Guglielmo Marconi
– First demonstration of wireless telegraphy
– Built on work of Maxwell and Hertz to send and receive Morse Code
– Based on long wave (>> 1 km), spark transmitter technology, requiring
very large, high power transmitters
– First used by British Army and Navy in the Boer War

6. Wireless Historical Overview
• 1907: Commercial Trans-Atlantic Wireless Service
– Huge ground stations: 30 x 100m antenna masts
– Beginning of the end for cable-based telegraphy
• WW I: Rapid development of communications intelligence, intercept
technology, cryptography
• 1920: Marconi discovers short wave (<100 m) radio
– Long wave follow contour of land
» Very high transmit power, 200 KW+
– Short waves reflect, refract, and absorb, like light
» Bounce off ionosphere
» Higher frequencies made possible by vacuum tube (1906)
» Cheaper, smaller, better quality transistors 1960s

7. Radio Wave Propagation
Mobile Radio Range

8. Wireless Communications Frequency Spectrum
MHz

9. Wireless Historical Overview
Other Important Dates
• 1915: Wireless voice transmission NY to SF
• 1920: First commercial radio broadcast (Pittsburgh)
• 1921: Police car dispatch radios, Detroit
• 1935: First telephone call around the world
• WW II: Rapid development of radio technology
• 1974: FCC allocates 40 MHz for cellular telephony
• 1982: European GSM and Inmarsat established
• 1984: Initial deployment of AMPS cellular system

10. PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
Wireless and Fixed Telecommunication Networks
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
Connection A B
Voice/Message
Voice/Message
Main operations:
Signaling SS7
Switching
Media Transmission
Coding and Modulation
Transport SDH, ATM
Line
Network node (Switch)

11. Sample Public Switched Telephone Network
in USA
Mobile
Network
LATA Local Access and
Transport Area
LEC Local Exchange Carrier
IXC Interexchange Carrier
POP Point-of-Presence
CO Central Office
AT LEC Access Tandem Switch

12. Traditional Local Loop
Local Exchange
MDF = Main Distribution Frame
PCCP = Primary Cross-connection point
SCCP = Secondary Cross-connection point

13. Wireless Local Loop
UMTS

14. Wireless Local Loop: WLL

15. Cellular Wireless Network Concept
Many senders (Cellular)
Low-power transmitter
Small coverage area
Frequency resuse
Increase call capacity
Cluster of cells
Single sender (one cell)
High-power transmitter
Large coverage area

16. Public Switched Telephone Network
And Mobile Network

17. Simple PSTN and Surrounding Networks
Private Branch Exchange

18. Public Switched Telephone Network, Internet, and Mobile Internet.
Infrastructure of other operators

19. Simple Internet and Surrounding Data Networks
Public Data Network

20. Backbone Infrastructure: PSTN, Mobile, Internet, and HFC
Private Branch Exchange
Public Data Network
Local Area Network
HFC: Hybrid Fiber Coax

21. Worldwide Growth of Fixed, Wireless and Internet
2015
2002 ?

22. Development of Modern Wireless Networks
• 1st Generation Wireless Networks
– 1980, analog technology, FM modulation
– AMPS (US), NMT (Europe), TACS (UK)
– CT0, CT1
• 2nd Generation Wireless Networks
– 1990, digital technology, digital modulation, 1 GHz RF
– D-AMPS, CDMA (US), GSM (Europe +), PDC (Japan) ,– CT2, DECT, PHS
• 3rd Generation Mobile Networks
– 2000, multi media, 2 GHz RF
– IMT 2000 (ITU), UMTS/WCDMA (Europe), cdma2000 (US)
- 3 GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 14,4 Mbps
• 4rd Generation Mobile Networks
– Based on UMTS 3G technology up to 3.8 GHz RF
, LTE stands for Long Term Evolution 115 Mbps
– 4G targeting 1 Gbps , Optimized for All-IP traffic

23. Comparison of LTE Speed

24. Mobile and GSM Users Worldwide
2002  400 Million
subscribers
GSM Subscribers
All Mobile Subscribers
2015  4.4 Billion
total mobile subscribers

25. Overview of Some Wireless Communication Systems
Thuraya

26. Relative Coverage, Mobility and Data Rates of
Contemporary Wireless Networks

27. Sample Wireless Network Standards
GSM
2nd Generation
Mobile System
DECT
Cordless Home
Telephone
DAB
Digital Audio
Broadcasting
3GPP/UMTS
3nd Generation
Mobile System
DVB-T
Digital Video
Broadcasting
DECT
Cordless Network
Wide area network
Local area network
Broadcasting networks

28. Telecommunication Standard Development Process

29. Critical Attributes of Telecommunications Systems
• Speed
– Ability to transmit information in real-time
– Electronic transmission: faster than transportation
• Coverage
– Beyond regional: national and international in scale
• Reliability
• Cost
– 1866: 20 word telegram cost $100 (4 months wages)
• Security
– Transmitted information as knowledge, news, secrets
– Always an element of government oversight and control