1. DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis (Transcription & Translation

2. Cell Division
Before a cell can divide, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) must make a copy of itself to ensure that each cell has an identical copy
This process is called replication.

3. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

4. The Process of Replication
free nucleotides
DNA unzips itself by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases.
Free nucleotides attach to their matching bases.
Adenine(A) bonds with Thymine (T);
Cytosine (C) bonds with Guanine (G)
Both strands twist back up and each DNA helix goes into the new cell.
The order of the bases are identical in both of the DNA molecules.
2 identical new DNA molecules

5. DNA Undergoing Replication
DNA Template
Complimentary Bases A T G C

6. Answer Choice D

7. Answer Choice F

8. Protein Synthesis- the cell makes a protein according to the order of bases in DNA.
It occurs in two steps:
RNA is transcribed in the nucleus; once completed processed,
It is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome(not shown).

9. Protein Structure

10. Transcription Nucleus What? Where? Why?
DNA copies your genetic information into messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).
Where?
In the nucleus of the cell
Why?
mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm because DNA cannot leave the nucleus.
RNA Polymerase
Nucleus
DNA
mRNA

12. Which mRNA sequence complements the above section of DNA?
a. CUAGGA c. CTAGGC
b. TCGAAG d. AGCUUC

13. Translation mRNA attaches to a ribosome
where amino acids are connected to form a protein
After mRNA attaches, amino acids are carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA).
The amino acid corresponds to a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA called a codon.

14. The mRNA and tRNA working together within the ribosome to form specific proteins

15. We can use a codon chart to determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein

16. The codon AUG codes for which amino acid?
methionine

17. Transcribe the DNA code onto the mRNA strand and translate each mRNA codon into an amino acid using the codon chart.
DNA Template
mRNA
Amino Acid A T G C

18. Why do we need to make proteins?
are enzymes vital to metabolism
have structural or mechanical functions (actin and myosin in muscle)
are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle.

19. The Importance of Protein in our Diet
Animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food.
In digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.