1. Imperialism Notes

2. Imperialism: What? What is it?
Imperialism is the policy of extending control or authority over foreign territories with the intent of dominating economic, political, and social life of the people
Took place in the mid to late 1800s and early 1900s
Near global domination by Europe and to a lesser extent, the U.S.

3. Imperialism: Who? European countries and eventually America: Britain
France
Germany
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Belgium
United States

4. Imperialism: Why? Nationalism Industrialization Social Darwinism
Wanted to make your own country better—more money, power, and influence
Industrialization
Industrial European nations needed natural resources and new markets for their goods
Social Darwinism
Belief that white Europeans are the “fittest race” and should “civilize” people of other nations (racism)
Christianity
Belief that Christians must spread religion to heathens in Africa and Asia

5. Imperialism: Why?
Rudyard Kipling – “White Man’s Burden”

6. Imperialism: How? Forces enabling Imperialism Technology
Guns, railroads, steamship, cure for malaria
Internal forces in Africa and Asia (including India)
Difficult to resist because of the variety of cultures and languages
Lower level of technology
Weakening civilizations and kingdoms

7. Types of Imperialism Colony – Protectorate – Sphere of Influence –
Country is governed internally by a foreign power
Protectorate –
Country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
Sphere of Influence –
Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

8. Effects of Imperialism
Large Effects –
European countries spread control over most of the world
Increases European tensions as countries compete for power and influence
Christianity is spread by missionaries

9. Effects of Imperialism
Individual Effects –
Spheres of influence are created in China and Africa (Suez Canal)
East India Company dominates India
America opens Japan to western trade

10. Imperialism In Africa

11. Imperialism In Africa
Which eight countries were competing for control in Africa?

12. The Race for Africa Missionary David Livingstone and Henry Stanley
Livingstone disappeared for several years and was eventually found by Stanley
Stanley claimed the Congo for Belgium and sparked the competition over land
“Dr. Livingstone, I Presume?”

13. The Race for Africa
1880 the race begins: Europe finds natural resources and competes for land
-- Gold and Diamonds
Berlin Conference ( ) decided how countries could colonize Africa
Notify other nations of territory being taken
Prove that you can safely control area (create gov’t there)
Africa became divided
Cultural and linguistic groups broken up
Only two independent nations remain by 1914:
Ethiopia and Liberia

14. African Economies Change
Raw materials needed for industrial revolution
Cash crop plantations were developed
Peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber, cotton
Mineral resources exploited
Gold, diamonds, tin

15. The Fight for South Africa
Zulus dominate South Africa
Dutch Boers (farmers) settled Cape of Good Hope in 1600s
British take control in 1800s forcing Boers to move north (the “Great Trek”)
1860s-1880s gold and diamonds discovered
Boer War (British versus Boers)
1902 the British win and the Union of South Africa is established  leads to apartheid

16. Colonial Management in Africa
Indirect Control:
Local ruler accepts European country’s authority and rules colony (ex. British)
Direct Control:
believed they must totally control new colonies administration (ex. French)
Paternalism – Govern in a fatherly way, but don’t extend rights to the governed
Assimilation – forcing Africans to accept European culture, social and legal traditions

17. Imperialism In India

18. British East India Company
Mughal Dynasty had kept European traders under control
Late 1400’s to 1800
Mughal Dynasty weakens and collapses
Decisive British victory over Indians at Battle of Plassey
East India Company had it’s own army made of British soldiers and sepoys (Indian soldiers)

19. “Jewel in the Crown”
Initially India was only a source of raw materials and possible markets for selling products
Railroads built to move products from interior to ports
Cotton, jute (to make rope), tea, indigo, and opium (traded with China)

20. Effects of British Rule in India
Modernization: railroads and infrastructure created; schools and colleges, modern economy, sanitation practices; local warfare ended by British army
Economic and political control lost for India
Loss of self-sufficiency (cash crops grown and lack of food crops led to famine)

21. Armed Conflicts
Indian Resentment: Disliked the British control and missionaries
1857 Sepoy Rebellion
Rumors that rifle cartridges were sealed with pig and cow fat
Against Hindi and Muslim culture
Soldiers refusing to do it were imprisoned – caused a revolt
British put down the rebellion in a year

22. Effects of Sepoy Rebellion
The Raj established direct control over India – British gov’t in India
Viceroys (like governors) carried out British rule
Increased distrust
Growing distrust of British
Nationalists movement began
Wanted equal rights for Indians who were treated like second-class citizens in their own country

23. Imperialism In Asia
Suez Canal
Then & Now
2003
1875

24. Spheres of Influence China and the Suez Canal
Sphere of Influence: an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
Examples:
China
Suez Canal

25. Suez Canal – Lifeline of British Empire
Built by Egypt on loans from British
Muslim leaders Muhammed Ali and Isma’il built canal
Links the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea
Very important for transportation of goods
Egypt can’t pay back loans and Britain takes over
Very important for transportation of British products across their large empire

26. Suez Canal – Lifeline of British Empire

27. China
Very rich in natural resources and uninterested in trading with other countries
Britain extends sphere of influence
Tea/opium trade
Chinese leaders angry about opium importation
Opium War 1839: Chinese easily defeated
Treaty of Nanjing
Hong Kong to Britain
Extraterritorial rights for foreigners (don’t have to obey Chinese laws)

28. Boxer Rebellion
Nationalist group Society of Harmonious Fists forms to fight foreign influence
They are called the Boxers and believe that they can defeat the British without modern weapons
Slogan: “Death to the Foreign Devils”
In 1900 were easily defeated by foreign forces and remained, at least economically, under foreign control

29. Boxer Rebellion Video Clip

30. Imperial influence in Asia: Dutch
Dutch East India company actively sought lands in Southeast Asia
Took control of Melaka, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the moluccas, and Bali (Indonesia aka Dutch East Indies)
Plantation economy (oil, tin, and rubber)
Rigid class system
Dutch
Educated Indonesians
Plantation workers

31. Imperial influence in Asia: Britain
Britain wanted to compete with the Dutch and establish trading bases along China-India route
Britain gained Malaysia, Singapore, and Burma
Economy based on tin and rubber
Chinese immigration encouraged in order to provide labor to produce tin and rubber
Led to conflict between Native Malays and Chinese

32. Imperial influence in Asia: France
Active in Southeast Asia since early 1800s
After Christian missionaries were killed by Vietnamese, French demanded military intervention
Napolean III added Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to French imperial holdings (this region called French Indochina)
French imposed their culture on the Indochinese
Economy based mainly on rice exportation

33. Colonial Impact in Asia
Economies grew based on cash crops (rice) and goods like tin and rubber
Roads, harbors, and railroads built and helped communication and transportation
Education, health, and sanitation improved
Migration of people from all over Asia to work on plantations led to cultural diversity
Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists together
Often led to racial and religious clashes which still exist today

34. U.S. in Philippines
U.S. acquires Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam as a result of the Spanish-American war
Filipinos resist American rule
America agrees to prepare Philippines for self-rule and eventual independence
Economically exploited the region by growing cash crops instead of food crops

35. U.S. in Hawaii
American farmers developed sugar plantations in the 1800s, making sugar the major source for Hawaiian wealth
American business owners wanted Hawaii annexed by the U.S.
Queen Lilioukalini tried to strengthen her power but was overthrown by American planters
1898 the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the U.S.