1. Consultation and Supervision
Chapter 8
Consultation and Supervision

2. Consultation Consultation Defined
“[consultation is] me and you talking about him or her with the purpose of some change” (Fall, 1995, p. 250)
“When a professional (the consultant), who has specialized expertise, meets with one or more other professionals to improve the professionals’ work with current or potential” (p. 251)
See Figure 8.1, p. 252
Consultants intervene at the primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary levels
Consultation is developmental and systemic

3. Brief History of Consultation
The Beginning
1940s and 1950s:
Consultant as “expert”
Direct-service approach: The consultee and consultant have little contact
Consultant pretty left to his or her own devices to solve the problem
End of 1950s:
Consultee included in process
A little later, consultant asked to train others and “give away” his or her expertise to staff
Latter part of 20th century:
Expansion of Models of Consultation

4. Current Models of Consultation
Consultant-Centered
Expert consultation
Prescriptive consultation (doctor-patient mode)
Trainer/educator consultation
Consultee-Centered
Collaborative Consultation
Facilitative Consultation
Process-oriented consultation

5. Theories of Consultation
Most theories of counseling could be applied to consultation
When choosing a theory one should consider how the theory:
Defines itself relative to consultation
Is used to conceptualize the consultee’s problem
Uses intervention strategies to solve problems
Deals with problems during the consultation process
Handles termination and follow-up

6. Theories of Consultation
Some theories that have been used include:
Person-centered
Cognitive-behavioral
Gestalt
Psychoanalytic
Social Constructionist
Chaos

7. Stages of Consultation
Stage 1: Pre-entry
Stage 2: Entry
Stage 3: Goal Setting
Stage 4: Implementation
Stage 5: Evaluation
Stage 6: Disengagement

8. The Counselor as Consultant
Consultation and the College Counselor
See kinds of college consulting, p. 259
Cooper (2003) cube model (see Figure 8.2, p. 260)
Consultation and the Agency Counselor
Gerald Caplan
Consulting Outward
Consulting Inward (See Box 8.1, p. 261)
The School Counselor as Consultant
See kinds of school counseling consultation, p. 262

9. Supervision Supervision Defined: Not therapy, but can be therapeutic
An ongoing relationship between a supervisor and the counselor which increases the counselor’s skills and positively impacts on clients
Promote growth and development of supervisee
Protect welfare of clients seen by supervisee
Evaluate performance of supervisee
Not therapy, but can be therapeutic
A Systemic Perspective
Supervisor Supervisee/Counselor Client
Also, client can affect family, community, world?
Parallel process (Box 8.2, p. 265)

10. Who is the Supervisor?
“. . . counselors who are trained to oversee the professional clinical work of counselors and counselors-in-training.” (ACA, 2014a, glossary)
Trained in characteristics identified by the Standards of Counseling Supervisors (ACES, 1990) (see p. 265)
Roles and Responsibilities of Supervisor
Ensuring welfare of the client
Meeting regularly with supervisee and ensuring proper termination
Assuring that ethical, legal, and professional standards are upheld
Overseeing clinical and professional development of supervisee
Evaluating the supervisee

11. Who is the Supervisee?
“. . . a professional counselor or counselor-in-training whose counseling work or clinical skill development is being overseen in a formal supervisory relationship by a qualified trained professional.” (ACA, 2014a, glossary)
A person who will experience some resistance at some point in supervision. Amount and kind of resistance are the result of:
Attachment and trust with supervisor
Supervisor style
Supervisee sensitivity to feedback
Amount of countertransference (see Figure 8.3, p. 267)
Developmental level of supervisee
Supervisor characteristics

12. Types of Supervision Individual, Triadic, or Group Supervision?
Models of Supervision
Developmental Models
Psychotherapy-Based Models
Integrative Models
Examples of Models include:
Integrated Developmental Model (see Figure 8.4, p. 269)
Bernard’s Discrimination Model (see Table 8.2, p. 270)
Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR)
See questions, p. 271

13. Supervision of Graduate Students and of Practicing Counselors
In “Skills” Classes
In Practicum, Internship
Recording
Feedback (e.g., bug-in-the-ear)
Case notes
One-way mirrors
, real-time video linkups, Skype
Practicing Counselors
Professional responsibility
Professional growth
Part of job?
Pay for it on your own?
Group and peer supervision

14. Multicultural/Social Justice Focus
Multicultural Consultation Within a System
Important to understand cultural differences within a system
Know own biases, know other cultures, know kinds of intervention strategies for systems
Consultant can advocate for change by empowering those who may be oppressed in a system and helping others in the system find new ways to those who are different from them

15. Multicultural Supervision
Be up to speed on how multicultural issues affect supervision
Be aware of and address how issues of diversity affect the supervisory relationship
Model cross-cultural sensitivity
Be willing to ask supervisees about their cultural background
Be open to discussing cross-cultural differences with supervisees
Be aware of how power and privilege may affect the supervisory relationship

16. Multicultural Supervision (Cont’d)
Help supervisees see how power and privilege may affect their counseling relationships
Assist supervisees in being able to conceptualize clients from a multicultural perspective
Be able to build a strong working alliance with your supervisee
Have and share your knowledge and skills specific to cross-cultural issues
Be a model and provide examples of social advocacy
Be able to use models of cross-cultural supervision (e.g., Ancis & Ladany, 2001; Ober, Grannello, & Henfield, 2009)

17. Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues
Ethical Issues in Consulting (Section B.7 and D.2 of ACA ethics code):
Agreements
Respect for Privacy
Growth toward Self-Direction
Disclosure of Confidential Information
Multiple Relationships
Informed Consent in Consultation
Consultant Competency
Understanding the Consultee

18. Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues
Ethical Issues in the Supervisory Relationship
Supervisor Preparation
Client Welfare
Informed Consent
Multicultural Issues
Relationship Boundaries
Sexual Relationships
Dual and Multiple Relationships
Responsibility to Clients
Limitations of Supervisees
Evaluation and Accountability
Endorsement

19. Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues
Professional Issues:
Professional Association
Join ACES? (Journal of Counselor Education and Supervision)
Technology and Supervision
“Cybersupervision”
Legal Issue:
Liability in Consultation and Supervision
Tarasoff decision

20. The Counselor in Process
Committed to Ongoing Consultation and Supervision
A Professional Responsibility
Must ensure that throughout our professional lives we are forever seeking out consultation and supervision