1. Section 2: Psychotherapy
Chapter 13 Lesson 2
Section 2: Psychotherapy

2. 2. Psychotherapy

3. A. Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
All therapies are “winners”.
Evidence-based practice
Factors in Successful Psychotherapy
therapeutic alliance (monitored)
therapist expertise & personality
client active engagement
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4. B. Psychodynamic Therapies
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Emphasis of this Approach
early childhood experiences
unconscious conflicts
therapeutic interpretation
Goals of Therapy
identify sources of unconscious conflicts
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5. B. Psychodynamic Therapies (2)
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kin61965_un0107.jpg (used in chapter 2)
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Freudian Psychoanalysis
free association
catharsis
interpretation
dream analysis (manifest versus latent)
transference
resistance
Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapies
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6. C. Humanistic Therapies
Emphasis of this Approach
conscious thoughts, in the present
self healing
self fullfilment
Goals of Therapy
self understanding
personal growth
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7. Roger’s Client-Centered Therapy
Nondirective self-Exploration
Warm, Supportive Atmosphere
active listening and reflective speech
unconditional positive regard
empathy and genuineness
Suggestion: Ask students, “If you had a mental illness and were seeking therapy, which would you prefer, psychoanalysis or client-centered therapy, and why?”
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8. D. Behavior Therapies Emphasis of this Approach Goals of Therapy
overt behavior change rather than insights into self or into underlying causes
Goals of Therapy
reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors
Classical and Operant Conditioning
Social Cognitive approaches
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9. Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Techniques
Systematic Desensitization (to treat phobias)
develop hierarchy of fearful scenes
apply relaxation while imagining fearful scenes
Aversive Conditioning
pair undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli
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10. Aversive Conditioning
Nauseating Drug
(Stimulus)
UCS
No Response
Unlearned
Reflex
Repeatedly
Paired NS
UCR
Alcohol
(Stimulus 2)
Nausea
(Response)
Learned Association CS CR
Note: This example is illustrative only. Contrary to the implication of this diagram, Antabuse does not cause nausea when taken by itself: It only causes nausea if alcohol is also consumed. Moreover, in practice, Antabuse is not used so much to create a lasting distaste for alcohol as to prevent sneaking beers when in detox.
Conditioned Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Acquisition/Learning
Innate S-R Association
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Response

11. B. Behavior Therapies (2)
Operant Conditioning Techniques…
unlearning of maladaptive behavior (e.g., OCD) through altered consequences.
Applied Behavior Analysis
positive reinforcement of adaptive behaviors
extinguish maladaptive behaviors
does not depend on gaining insight
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12. E. Cognitive Therapies Emphasis of this Approach Goals of Therapy
thoughts (cognitions) are the primary source of psychological problems
how we think controls how we feel
focus on overt problems (unlike Freud)
structured analysis and specific guidance (unlike Rogers)
Goals of Therapy
cognitive restructuring
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13. E. Cognitive Therapies (2)
illogical automatic negative thoughts
identify and challenge automatic thoughts
irrational and self-defeating beliefs
Ignoring evidence of positives
Overgeneralizing negatives
Magnifying importance of negatives
Absolutist thinking (Exaggerating imperfections)
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14. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Albert Bandura and Self Efficacy
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
reduce self-defeating thoughts
incorporates behavior therapy
self-instructional methods
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15. F. Therapy Integrations
Techniques from different therapies are combined for the benefit of the client (e.g., dialectical behavior therapy).
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