1. Respiratory System Objectives:
Describe the structure of the respiratory system
Analyze the function of the respiratory system
Identify characteristics and treatment of common respiratory disorders

2. Respiratory System
Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, and pleura.

3. Nasal Cavity Nasal Septum=divides nasal cavities into R and L sides
Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles.

4. Sinuses- cavities in the skull
Connected to the nasal cavity, by ducts
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten air
Sinuses give resonance to the voice.

5. Pharynx Pharynx The throat Common passageway for air and food 5” long
When food is swallowed, the Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering the lungs
Pharynx

6. Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

7. Meet the Larynx Larynx- voice box Triangular chamber below the pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords
Epiglottis covers larynx during swallowing
Adam’s apple
Produces sound
Made of cartilage fibrous plates

8. Meet the Trachea Windpipe. 4 ½ in. long.
Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep trachea open and more rigid
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

9. Did Someone say Bronchi and Bronchioles are next?
Lower end of trachea divides into R and L bronchus
Become bronchial tubes and bronchioles as braonches enter lungs
Passageway for air from trachea to alveoli in lungs

10. Alveoli
Clusters of thin-walled sacs made of single layer epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces covered with Surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries (diffusion)

11. Lovely Lungs Fill the thoracic cavity Upper part=apex Lower part=base
Lung tissue porous and spongy –it floats
R lung=larger and shorter displaced by the liver and has 3 lobes
L lung smaller displaced by the heart and has 2 lobes

12. Pretty Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers the lungs.
Double walled sac.
Space is pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.

13. Mediastinum
A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ.
Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera

14. Test your gray matter….. Alveoli Larynx Pleura Speech Trachea
What structure of the respiratory system is responsible for voice production?
Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx?
The respiratory system ends in millions of tiny, thin walled sacs called:
What covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage?
The windpipe is referred to as the:
The wall of the trachea are made more rigid by the presence of:
Each lung is divided into two or three parts called:
When the trachea divides to enter both lungs, the tubes that are formed are called:
Alveoli
Larynx
Pleura
Speech
Trachea
Rings of Cartilage
Lobes
Bronchi

15. The medical name for the throat is the:
The partition that separated the nose into right and left cavities is the:
The medical name for the throat is the:
Pharynx
Septum

16. That’s all for now….

17. Function of the Respiratory System
External respiration, internal respiration , and cellular respiration
Production of sound (vocal cords)

18. external respiration: exchange of gases between the lungs.
and blood
internal respiration: exchange of gases
between the body cells and blood

19. Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Inspiration Inhalation
Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

20. Pulmonary Ventilation
Expiration
Opposite action takes place.
Exhalation is a passive process

21. Respiratory Movements
1 inspiration + 1 expiration=1 respiration
Normal adult = 14-20
Respirations per minute
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Age-newborm= 40-60/min
Sleep= respiration 
Emotion can  or  rate

22. Total Lung Capacity
Tidal Volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: The maximal volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
Expiratory Reserve Volume: The maximal volume of air, usually about 1000 milliliters, that can be expelled from the lungs after normal expiration

23. Vital lung capacity: the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.
Residual lung capacity: The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort.
Functional residual capacity: the volume of air
present in the lungs, specifically the parenchyma
tissues, at the end of passive expiration

24. Coughing
Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract
Hiccups – spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

25. Sneezing
Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract
Yawning
Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

26. Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors.
Neural Factors
Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata
 on CO2 or  O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center
Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm
Chemical Factors
Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain)
Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

27. Test your gray matter CO2 level in blood Filtering in the air
Respirations would normally increase in number if there was an increase of:
Which of the following is initially sensed by the brain to control breathing?
Cilia located in the nasal epithelium performs the function of:
The normal number of breaths an adult takes each minute at rest is about:
Of the following, which is the correct pathway of air into the lungs?
Start with larynx
Which body function is made possible by fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx?
The part of respiration that involves taking air into lungs is called:
Carbon dioxide in the blood
CO2 level in blood
Filtering in the air
14-20
Trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Inspiration
Speech

28. Respiratory Disorders

29. Common Cold Contagious viral respiratory infection
Contributing factors- chilling fatigue,poor nutrition, and not enough sleep
Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Good handwashing best prevention.
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

30. Pharyngitis- red, inflammation throat
Laryngitis- Inflammation of the larynx or voice box
Symptoms- sore throat , hoarseness or loss of voice dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

31. Influenza (Flu) Viral infection of upper respiratory tract
Symptoms-Fever, muco-purulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Rx – treat the symptoms

32. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary (PULL-mun-ary) disease, is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. "Progressive" means the disease gets worse over time.
COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of mucus (a slimy substance), wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms.
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants—such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust—also may contribute to COPD.

33. In the United States, the term "COPD" includes two main conditions—
emphysema (em-fih-SE-ma) and chronic bronchitis
(bron-KI-tis).

34. Emphysema
Alveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
Emphysema
RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

35. Bronchitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi
Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal pain and rales (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.

36. Asthma Inflammatory airway obstruction
Caused by allergen or psychological stress
5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.

37. Pneumonia Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus
Alveoli fill with thick fluid
Symptoms- chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
Diagnosis- x-ray and listening to lungs
Rx- O2 and antibiotics

38. Tuberculosis Infectious bacterial lung disease
Tubercles (lesions) forms in the lungs
Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats
Diagnosis- TB skin test
If skin test positive-follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample
RX- Antibiotic

39. Tuberculosis
Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States. TB

40. Pneumothorax
A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, is the collection of air in the space around the lungs. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung and fills up the space outside of the lung, inside the chest. It may be caused by a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures.
In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without any cause. This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. A small area in the lung that is filled with air (bleb) can break open, sending air into the space around the lung.
Tall, thin people and smokers are more likely to have a collapsed lung.

41. Asthma COPD Cystic fibrosis Tuberculosis Whooping Cough
The following lung diseases also increase your risk for a collapsed lung:
Asthma
COPD
Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis
Whooping Cough

42. Symptoms
Common symptoms of a collapsed lung include:
There are decreased or no breath sounds on the affected side when heard through a stethoscope
Sharp chest pain, made worse by a deep breath or a cough shortness of breath
A larger pneumothorax will cause more severe
symptoms, including:
Bluish color of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
Chest tightness
Easy fatigue
Rapid heart rate
Other symptoms that can occur with a collapsed lung include:
Nasal flaring

43. Tests include: chest x-ray and arterial blood gases
Treatment :
A small pneumothorax may go away on its own with
Rest and oxygen
Needle insertion or chest tube insertion may be needed
to allow air to drain
Lung surgery may be needed to repair leak.
Prognosis
-most likely to have another one if you have had 2 in the
Past
-continue smoking
-are tall and thin

45. Terms to know Apnea: absence of breathing
Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
Tachypnea: rapid breathing
Orthopnea: difficulty breathing while laying down or flat
Eupnea: good breathing
Hyperventilation: state of breathing faster or deeper than normal, causing excessive expulsion of circulating carbon dioxide

46. Test your gray matter…
Due to increase in illegal immigration, homelessness, and AIDS, the incidence of what disease is increasing in the US?
Kim experienced hoarseness for two days and loss of voice for three days. She most likely suffers from:
Which of the following disorders is characterized by distended alveoli that have lost their elasticity?
A respiratory infection which spreads quickly and results in the greatest loss in production hours each year is:
Cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, and night sweats are symptoms of what disease?
In which of the following diseases does dyspnea worsen as the disease progresses?
The two main causes of pneumonia are:
John comes into the ER with wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest. He is experiencing:
Laryngitis
Emphysema
Common cold TB
Bacteria + Virus TB
Emphysema
Asthma

47. The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is:
Influenza is caused by a :
Virus
Cigarette Smoking