1. Public Participation Methods' Effectiveness
TAL BERMAN, IZHAK SCHNELL
Department of Geography and Human Environment
Tel-Aviv University
Israel

2. Public Participation Goals
Methods'
Effectiveness
Public Participation Goals
Public participation goals are to extract residents’ local knowledge and enable its incorporation into the planning decision-making processes, in order to improve the planning products

3. What is local knowledge ?
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
What is local knowledge ?
Individual and communal knowledge of inhabitants; Represents the perspective of local people who could be affected by plans
Based on dynamic everyday life experience; Rooted in a specific locale(s); Reflects the particular circumstances of the time and culture
Related to a broad conceptual system, includes beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, opinions; as well as cultural norms, spatial conducts, everyday scenarios - all of which
are rooted in the locals’ everyday reality.

4. The importance of local knowledge
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
The importance of local knowledge
Enables planning the locals’ living environments in such a way as to suit their everyday reality and improve their quality of life
Its integration into the planning processes produces planning deliverales that suit community needs
and preferences

5. The assumption and the question ASSUMPTION
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
The assumption and
the question
ASSUMPTION
Local knowledge's significance is vital for generating better planning decision-making processes
QUESTION
To what extent do public participation various methods enable extracting of local knowledge and incorporating it into planning deliverables ?

6. Public participation methods
Effectiveness
Public participation methods
Parameter
Unilateral method
Collaborative method
Motivator
Jurisdictional authorities
Not-for-profit organizations; Grassroots coalitions
Configuration
Top down
Buttom up
Procedures
Public hearings; SWOT analysis; Structured questionnaire
Ongoing deliberation; Collaborative dialogue
Stakeholders
Two stakeholders: the jurisdiction and the individual citizen
Various stakeholders: local communities and environmentalists 6

7. Scope of local knowledge
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
Scope of local knowledge
Parameter
Unilateral method
Collaborative method
Motivator
Jurisdictional authorities
Grassroots coalitions of local residents
Motive
Formal provisions and professional norms
Environmental nuisances
Procedures
Rigid framework of two types of pre-set tools
Flexible framework of various procedures and tools
Local knowledge flow
Limited flow; one time session, time constrained event
Ongoing, unconstrained by time, free and contineous
Scope of local knowledge extracted
Limited extraction of few specific types chosen in advance
Many and varied types of mass of local knowledge 7

8. Types of local knowledge
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
Types of local knowledge
Parameter
Unilateral method
Collaborative method
Communication direction
One-way, unidirectional
Two-ways, dealetical, descursive, deliberated
Communication between participants
Restricted
Interactive, network configuration
Promotion of social capital No
Yes
Types of local knowledge extracted
Superficial aspect: momentary opinion, random statements,lone words, impulsive, intuitive, contradictory, inconsistent, inexplicit
Well-argued, collaborated, detailed, consolidated, consistent, ripe, reliable, genuine 8

9. Participatory deliverables
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
Participatory deliverables
Parameter
Unilateral Method
Collaborative method
Communicative interaction between lay people and professionals No
Yes
Advancing consensus
Manipulation of the community
Participatory deliverables (processed local knowledge)
Raw local knowledge items recorded in the form of lists, diagrams, tables or drawings
Professional recommendations, operative planning knowledge, plans 9

10. Incorporation of local knowledge into planning
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
Incorporation of local knowledge into planning
Parameter
Unilateral Method
Collaborative method
Amass political power No
Yes
Enlist stakeholders, both jurisdictional and enterpreneurs
Negotiation with stakeholders
Incorporation of local knowledge (participatory deliverables) into statotury deliverables
Few aspects, random and not intential, deliberate by city personnel (manipulated)
Significant portion, through mediation and compromises 10

11. Conclusions Conclusions
Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
Conclusions
Conclusions
The relationships between the main criteria: motives > motivators > Procedures > communication > social capital > local knowledge quality > amassing operative knowledge > reaching consensus > Incorporating local knowledge into participatory deliverables > political power > Enlisting stakeholders (negotiations) > Incorporating local knowledge into statutory deliverables.

12. Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
Conclusions
Conclusions
While the unilateral method tends to trivialize exposure and incorporation of resident's genuine needs and priorities, collaborative public participation processes incorporate local knowledge into planning

13. Public Participation
Methods'
Effectiveness
Conclusions
Conclusions
Encouraging collaborative processes, and event favoring collaborative procedures, can be confidently recommended: enable ongoing deliberation between various stakeholders in the framework of an open network wherein members alongside professional residents take an active part in and lead processes of facilitation and knowledge development.