1. Industrial Revolution

2. What is a revolution?

3. Are we in a revolution right now?

5. social revolutions
Political revolutions
Economic revolutions- ?????

6. Economic revolution Basic needs MUST be met!!!
People must have their needs met before they are willing to work on wants
SPECIALIZATION is the key to a rapid change in our economy
So in the 1700’s how do we ensure all our basic needs are met to begin to specialize?

7. Agriculture Revolution

8. Before the Agricultural Rev
open-field system: greatest accomplishment of Medieval agriculture
village agriculture; 1/3 to ½ of fields lay fallow.
Common land: used by village for livestock – fields shared by peasants.
serfs in eastern Europe were worst off; many sold with lands (like slavery)

10. Disadvantages of the old system
People have to walk over your strips to reach theirs
Field left fallow
Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques
No hedges or fences
No proper drainage
Show picture first and ask for ideas about what the problem might be. Introduce and explain – encourage note taking at this stage in brief bullet points
Animals can trample crops and spread disease

11. THE ALMIGHTY POTATO
Indeed the agricultural revolution had begun long before the eighteenth century
One important aspect was the acceptance of the potato, introduced from South America in the sixteenth century. (Columbian Exchange)
In the cool and humid regions of Europe from Ireland to Russia, potatoes yielded two to three times more food per acre than did the wheat, rye, and oats they replaced
Potato Latvian Joke
One Day, Latvian hear Knock at the Door. Man ask
"who is?"
"Is potato man, I come around to give away free potato."
Man is very excite and open door. Is not potato man, is secret police.

12. The Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution: The innovations in farm production that began in the 18th century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture
Major milestone in human civilization
Impact of the scientific revolution’s experimental method was great.
Application of scientific ideas - crop rotation most important feature.

13. Enclosure Movement This meant enclosing the land.
end to common lands and open-field system
The open fields were divided up and everyone who could prove they owned some land would get a share. Dividing the open land into small fields and putting hedges and fences around them. Everyone had their own fields and could use them how they wished.
Open land and common land would also be enclosed and divided up.
Encourage own research of the enclosures, what it meant both good and bad.

14. Impact of Enclosure
traditional view of enclosure (Marx): poor people driven off the land
recent scholarship: negative impact of enclosure may have been exaggerated
As much as 50% of lands enclosed already by 1750 (much by mutual consent)

15. The effects of enclosure
Enclosure might have increased the efficiency of farming in England, but it wasn’t good news for everyone who lived in the countryside.
What type of farmland was lost during enclosure?
How might this have made life more difficult for some villagers?
Many poorer people relied on the common land to supplement their tiny incomes. After enclosure, there was nowhere for them to graze a few animals, collect tinder or pick berries.
Photo © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation

16. Crops – what changed?
Many farmers sought to improve their crop yields. To do this, they improved the soil by muck spreading, adding lime or planting crops which put nitrogen back into the ground.
Fodder crops, such as turnips and clover, were grown. These helped restore the soil’s fertility, so there was no longer any need to leave the land fallow.
Year 1
Year 2
Turnips
Wheat
These new crops could be fed to livestock, allowing animals to be kept over the winter, rather than being slaughtered in the autumn.
Clover
Barley
Year 3
Year 4

17. How did the farmers produce more meat?
Enclosure allowed farmers to control the breeding of their livestock because the animals could be separated into different fields.
The farmer could then select the best individuals to breed from in order to produce the biggest, healthiest offspring.
Photo © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
This is known as selective breeding.
The new fodder crops also helped farmers produce more meat, as they could now keep most of their animals through the winter, instead of slaughtering many at a young age.