1. Physical Behavior of Matter
Chemistry Topic 4
Physical Behavior of Matter

2. 11/30 Chemistry
Unit 4 – Physical Behavior of Matter
Aim: What are the 3 states of matter?
Obj: SWBAT compare and contrast the states of matter
Do now:
2H2 + O2  2H2O
How many moles of O2 are needed to produce 40 moles of H2O?

3. 3 States of matter
Solid (s)
Liquid (l)
Gas (g)

4. Solids
Definite volume
Definite shape
Crystalline structure

5. Liquids Definite Volume
No Definite Shape – takes the shape of its container

6. Gases
No Definite Volume – COMPLETELY fills the volume of its container
No Definite Shape – takes the shape of its container

8. Temperature
Measurement of the average kinetic energy of particles

9. Heating Curve

11. Cooling Curve

12. 12/1 Chemistry
Unit 4 – Physical Behavior of Matter
Aim: How is heat transferred?
Obj: SWBAT calculate heat transfers
Do now: Worksheet
Homework: Worksheet

13. Phase Changes
Sublimation – changing from solid to gas directly (without being liquid)
Ex. CO2, I2, and naphthalene (moth balls)
Deposition – changing from gas to solid directly (without being liquid)

14. Heat A measure of the amount of energy transferred
Measured in Joules
Flows from HOT TO COLD
Particles at the same temperature have the same average kinetic energy

15. Temperature New Unit = Kelvin (K) A change of 1oC = a change of 1 K
K = oC + 273
Freezing Point of water = 0oC = 273 K

16. Measuring Heat Q = mC∆T Q = heat (in Joules) m = mass of the substance
C = specific heat of the substance
∆T = change in temperature (final – initial)
C for water = 4.18 J/gK
On reference tables (they’ll give you others if needed)

17. Starting off easy
How many Joules are absorbed when 50.0g of water are heated from 30.2 oC to 58.6oC?
How many Joules are required to heat 100g of water 10oC?

18. A little bit harder now
How much heat must be absorbed by 375 grams of water to raise its temperature by 25° C?
What mass of water can be heated from 25.0° C to 50.0° C by the addition of 2825 J?
What is the final temperature when 625 grams of water at 75.0° C loses 7.96 x 104 J?

19. Challenge Problems Hint: Remember the Law of Conservation
A copper cylinder has a mass of 76.8 g and a specific heat of cal/g·C. It is heated to 86.5° C and then put in 68.7 g of turpentine whose temperature is 19.5° C. The final temperature of the mixture is 31.9° C. What is the specific heat of the turpentine?
A 65.0 g piece of iron at 525° C is put into 635 grams of water at 15.0° C. What is the final temperature of the water and the iron? Specific heat of iron is J/gK

20. More practice if needed
Find the amount of heat (Q) needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of a substance from 20.0o C to 30.0oC if the specific heat of the substance is 2.01 J/goC.
A metal with a specific heat of J/goC requires 45.0 J of heat to raise the temperature by 2.00oC. What is the mass of the metal?

21. A few more
A substance requires 50.0 J of heat to raise its temperature by 6.00oC. If the mass of the substance is 5.00 g, what is the specific heat of the substance?
A metal with a specific heat of 0.70 J/goC and a mass of 8.00 g absorbs 48.0 J of heat. What will be the temperature change of the metal?

22. 12/2 Chemistry
Unit 4 – Physical Behavior of Matter
Aim: How can we calculate heat?
Obj: SWBAT calculate heat transfers
Do now: A substance requires 50.0 J of heat to raise its temperature by 6.00oC. If the mass of the substance is 5.00 g, what is the specific heat of the substance?
Homework: Worksheet (due tomorrow)
Homework: Test Corrections (due Friday)

23. 12/3 Chemistry
Unit 4 – Physical Behavior of Matter
Aim: How can we calculate heat at phase changes?
Obj: SWBAT calculate heat transfers
Do now: A metal with a specific heat of 0.70 J/goC and a mass of 8.00 g absorbs 48.0 J of heat. What will be the temperature change of the metal?
Homework: Worksheet (due tomorrow)
Homework: Test Corrections (due Friday)

24. Whenever a substance undergoes a temperature change, use q =mC∆T
But why can’t we use this to solve for the amount of heat required to boil or melt a substance ?
Hint : Think about the heating/cooling curves.

25. During the melting and boiling temperature is constant so ∆T=0
New idea : use a substance’s Heat of Fusion and heat vaporization

26. Heat of Fusion = the amount of heat needed to convert a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point
Heat of vaporization = the amount of heat required to convert a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point

28. Heat of fusion
Q = mHf
Heat of vaporization
Q = mHv

29. Practice Problems
How much energy would be required to melt 15.0 g of ice at 0 oC?
How much energy would it take to boil 36.0 g of water at 100 oC?
If 123g of H2O is boiled (from liquid to gas), how much heat energy is required?
If 400 J is released when freezing (from liquid to solid) CO2, what is the amount of mass of CO2 that is frozen? (CO2 Heat of Fusion = 184 J/g

30. 12/8 Chemistry
Unit 4 – Physical Behavior of Matter
Aim: How do gases behave?
Obj: SWBAT calculate P, V, and T
Do now:
Calculate the energy released as 4008 grams of water freezes
Calculate the energy required as 5000 grams of water boils (vaporizes).
Homework: Gas Law Worksheets (on engrade)

31. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
Gas particles are in CONSTANT, RANDOM, STRAIGHTLINE MOTION
Gas particle collisions transfer energy perfectly (elastic collisions – no net loss of energy)
Volume of gas particles is NEGLIGIBLE
Gas particles don’t attract each other

32. Relationships Pressure and number of particles
As the # of particles increases, so does the pressure
Temperature and velocity
As temperature increases, so does the velocity of gas particles

33. IMPORTANT MESSAGE
WHEN DOING MATH PROBLEMS WITH GASES, THE TEMPERATURE MUST BE IN KELVIN

34. Boyle’s Law
At constant Temperature, Pressure and Volume have an inverse relationship (as one increases, the other decreases)

35. Charles’ Law
At constant Pressure, Volume and Temperature are directly proportional. (As one increases, so does the other)

36. Combined Gas Law
Combines the effects of Pressure, Temperature, and Volume.
If one of the variables is constant, you can leave it out of the equation.

37. Ideal vs Real Gas KMT describes ideal gases
Most ideal gas = Hydrogen or Helium
Gases act most ideal in conditions of HIGH TEMPERATURE AND LOW PRESSURE
However, real gases
Sometimes do attract each other during extreme conditions
Do occupy volume (especially important at high P)

38. 12/8 Chemistry
Unit 4 – Physical Behavior of Matter
Aim: How do gases behave?
Obj: SWBAT calculate P, V, and T
Do Now: Rearrange the combined gas law to solve for T2
Homework: Gas Law Worksheets (on engrade)

39. Avogadro’s Hypothesis
When the volume, temperature, and pressure of two gases were the same, they contained the same number of molecules
You’re probably going to forget this one, everyone always does.
Poor Avogadro

40. Practice Problems
If a gas at 25.0 °C occupies 3.60 liters at a pressure of 1.00 atm, what will be its volume at a pressure of 2.50 atm?
A gas occupies 1.56 L at 1.00 atm. What will be the volume of this gas if the pressure becomes 3.00 atm?

41. More Practice
4.00 L of a gas are under a pressure of 6.00 atm. What is the volume of the gas at 2.00 atm?
A sample of gas has a volume of 12.0 L and a pressure of 1.00 atm. If the pressure of gas is increased to 2.00 atm, what is the new volume of the gas?

42. Even More Practice
A sample of gas has a volume of 12.0 L and a pressure of 1.00 atm. If the pressure of gas is increased to 2.00 atm, what is the new volume of the gas?

43. The limit does not exist to the practice!
If I initially have a gas at a pressure of 12.0 atm, a volume of 23.0 liters, and a temperature of K, and then I raise the pressure to 14.0 atm and increase the temperature to K, what is the new volume of the gas?
A gas takes up a volume of 17.0 liters, has a pressure of 2.30 atm, and a temperature of 299 K. If I raise the temperature to K and lower the pressure to 1.50 atm, what is the new volume of the gas?

44. Who said I didn’t give practice?
A gas has a temperature of 14 0C, and a volume of 4.5 liters. If the temperature is raised to 29 0C and the pressure is not changed, what is the new volume of the gas?
If I have 17.0 liters of gas at a temperature of C and a pressure of atm, what will be the pressure of the gas if I raise the temperature to C and decrease the volume to 12.0 liters?

45. Because they were wrong
I have an unknown volume of gas at a pressure of atm and a temperature of 325 K. If I raise the pressure to 1.20 atm, decrease the temperature to K, and measure the final volume to be 48.0 liters, what was the initial volume of the gas?
If I have 21.0 liters of gas held at a pressure of atm and a temperature of K, what will be the volume of the gas if I decrease the pressure to 45 atm and decrease the temperature to K?

46. Very wrong
If I have 2.9 L of gas at a pressure of 5.0 atm and a temperature of C, what will be the temperature of the gas if I decrease the volume of the gas to 2.4 L and decrease the pressure to 3.0 atm?
I have an unknown volume of gas held at a temperature of 115 K in a container with a pressure of 60.0 atm. If by increasing the temperature to 225 K and decreasing the pressure to 30.0 atm causes the volume of the gas to be 29 liters, how many liters of gas did I start with?

47. Get excited for your Christmas Break work…
Helium in a 100 mL container at a pressure of 66.6 kPa is transferred to a container with a volume of 250 mL. What is the new pressure if no change in temperature occurs?  What is the new pressure if the temperature changes from 210oK to 151oK?
What will have to happen to the temperature of a sample of methane if 1000 mL at 98.6 kPa and 25oC is given a pressure of kPa and a volume of 900 mL?

48. 12/9 Chemistry
Unit 4 – Physical Behavior of Matter
Aim: How do we separate mixtures?
Obj: SWBAT explain how to separate different types of mixtures
Do Now: A child has a toy balloon with a volume of 1.80 liters. The temperature of the balloon when it was filled was 20° C and the pressure was 1.00 atm. If the child were to let go of the balloon and it rose 3 kilometers into the sky where the pressure is atm and the temperature is -10° C, what would the new volume of the balloon be?
Homework: packet

49. Filtration Used to separate solids and liquids
Residue is what remains on the filter
Filtrate is what passes through

50. Gravity
If liquids are immiscible (don’t dissolve) their difference in density can separate them

51. Distillation
Separates miscible (dissolved) liquids with different boiling points
Used for gasoline
Used for alcohol

52. Chromatography
Separates components of mixture based on attraction to other substances.

53. 12/11 Chemistry
Lab
Aim: How can we graphically represent periodic trends?
Obj: SWBAT graph periodic trends
Do Now: How is the modern periodic table arranged?
Homework: STUDY

54. 12/15 Chemistry
Test
Aim: How can we get 100% (while maintaining academic integrity of course)?
Obj: SWBAT Answer Regents Style Questions
Do Now: Clear Desk