1. Network Attacks

2. Topics Sniffing IP address spoofing Session hijacking Netcat
General-purpose network tool
Network Attacks

3. Sniffing Sniffer gathers traffic from LAN
Can see packets in real time
Usually, interface put in promiscuous mode
Gathers everything, regardless of IP address
Sniffer is useful for attacker
And useful for administrator
Sniffer can collect data such as …
ID/password sent over telnet, DNS, messages, files sent over NFS, etc.
Network Attacks

4. Sniffing Attacker who has access to LAN can sniff packets
Usually requires admin/root privilege
Typically, use sniffer to gather pwds
Sniffing can be used in “island hopping” attack
Next slide
Network Attacks

5. Island Hopping Attack
Network Attacks

6. Sniffers Freeware sniffers include windump --- port of tcpdump
Snort --- sniffer/IDS
Wireshark (formerly, Ethereal) --- able to decode lots of protocols
Sniffit --- popular with attackers
Dsniff --- perhaps most powerful
Network Attacks

7. Passive Sniffing Thru a Hub
Recall that hub broadcasts everything
Passive sniffer sees everything
Network Attacks

8. Snort Snort: open source, UNIX-based IDS Started out as a sniffer
Still can serve as a capable sniffer
Why does sniffer-to-IDS make sense?
Snort not often used by attackers
Has more features than attacker needs
Network Attacks

9. Sniffit Sniffit popular with attackers Sniffit has “interactive mode”
UNIX-based
Sniffit has “interactive mode”
Keeps track of individual sessions
Can view these as separate conversations
Network Attacks

10. Sniffit Interactive Mode
Network Attacks

11. Wireshark Wireshark (formerly Ethereal)
Available for many platforms
Probably easiest sniffer to use, great UI, etc.
Wireshark is a “protocol genius”
Decodes every bit of packet
“Follow TCP stream” function
Select a TCP packet, view entire connection
Network Attacks

12. Wireshark
Network Attacks

13. Sniffer as Scanning Tool
Nmap, Nessus, etc., may be detected
Active
Sniffer is passive, so no such risk
What can be determined by sniffing?
May be able to ID OS (maybe even version of OS)
E.g., based on way connections are made
Network Attacks

14. P0f2 Tool to passively ID OS Available for most platforms
To “fingerprint” OS’s network stack
Can also ID firewall, NAT, etc.
What info does it use?
TTL, IP ID, other?
Network Attacks

15. P0f2
Network Attacks

16. Switch
Recall that switch does not broadcast
Network Attacks

17. Active Sniffing Sniffing thru a switch?
Switch limits what you see with sniffers such as Wireshark
May be able to “sniff” thru switch by inserting traffic
Dsniff and Ettercap
Network Attacks

18. Dsniff Developed by developer of FragRouter
Dsniff decodes lots application level protocols
FTP, telnet, POP,…, Napster, pcAnywhere
Makes it easy to find passwords
Dsniff also has active operations
Network Attacks

19. Dsniff Switch remembers MAC addresses MAC address flooding
Dsniff sends packets with random spoofed MAC addresses
Switches address memory eventually exhausted
Then what does switch do?
It depends…, but some start acting like hubs
If so, then passive sniffing works
Network Attacks

20. Dsniff What to do if flooding fails?
ARP spoofing (ARP cache poisoning)
Attacker sets “IP forwarding” on his machine to default gateway (router)
Attacker poisons ARP cache so that he appears to be default gateway
Attacker see all traffic destined for outside world, and traffic still sent to default gateway
Network Attacks

21. Default Router
Network Attacks

22. Spoofed “Default Router”
Network Attacks

23. Dsniff ARP Spoofing How could this be detected?
What happens when packet sent from attacker to default gateway?
IP forwarding is “really simple routing”
So, TTL is decremented
Could be detected by, say, traceroute
How can attacker avoid this?
Network Attacks

24. Ettercap
Ettercap uses method known as “port stealing” to sniff switched LAN
Sometimes, hard-coded MAC addresses
In such case, ARP poisoning not possible
Port stealing may be an option
Network Attacks

25. Ettercap Switch associates MAC addresses to each of its physical ports
Mapping created by examining packets
Ettercap floods LAN with frames
Attacker’s MAC address is destination
Source MAC address is victim machine (e.g., default gateway)
What does this accomplish?
Switch associates default gateway with its physical port on which attacker resides
Network Attacks

26. Ettercap Port stealing
So far… switch thinks default gateway on same physical port as attacker
Note: ARP tables on hosts not affected
Then attacker can sniff data intended for victim
How does attacker then get these packets to the default gateway?
Network Attacks

27. Ettercap
So far… packets intended for gateway can be sniffed by attacker
How to get these packets to gateway?
Forward packets to switch with gateway’s MAC address?
That won’t work!
Network Attacks

28. Ettercap Attacker sends ARP request for IP address of gateway
When attacker sees response
Knows switch has also seen response
So what?
Now switch send data intended for gateway to the gateway
Attacker can then send buffered data
Brilliant!
Network Attacks

29. Port Stealing
Network Attacks

30. DNS Spoofing Dsniff can send false DNS info
Used to redirect traffic
Victim tries to resolve name via DNS
Attacker sniffs DNS request
Attacker responds quickly with bogus IP
Victim goes to bogus address
Works provided bogus reply arrives first
Network Attacks

31. DNS Spoofing
Network Attacks

32. Sniffing SSL and SSH
Dsniff webmitm enables man-in-the-middle (MIM) attack
Send certificate signed by bogus “CA”
In SSL, browser warns use, and …
…warning is ignored
In SSH user is warned, and …
Network Attacks

33. Sniffing SSL and SSH Man-in-the-middle
Politically correct: “monkey-in-the-middle”
Network Attacks

34. Simplified SSL Protocol
Can we talk?, cipher list, RA
certificate, cipher, RB
{S}Bob, E(h(msgs,CLNT,K),K)
h(msgs,SRVR,K)
Data protected with key K
Bob
Alice
S is pre-master secret
K = h(S,RA,RB)
msgs = all previous messages
CLNT and SRVR are constants
Network Attacks

35. SSL MiM Attack RA RA certificateT, RB certificateB, RB
{S1}Trudy,E(X1,K1)
{S2}Bob,E(X2,K2)
h(Y1,K1)
h(Y2,K2)
Trudy
E(data,K1)
E(data,K2)
Alice
Bob
Q: What prevents this MiM attack?
A: Bob’s certificate must be signed by a certificate authority (such as Verisign)
What does browser do if signature not valid?
What does user do if signature is not valid?
Network Attacks

36. Sniffing SSL
Network Attacks

37. Firefox Certificate Warning
Network Attacks

38. IE Certificate Warning
Network Attacks

39. Webmitm Output
Network Attacks

40. SSH Sniffing SSH gives a warning too Ettercap also does SSH MiM
Specifically mentions MiM attack
Still, it’s easy to ignore
Ettercap also does SSH MiM
But Ettercap is not really in the “middle”
It establishes key with client, then connects client to server using same key
Network Attacks

41. Other Dsniff Features Tcpkill --- kill active TCP connection
Tcpnice --- “shape traffic” using, e.g., ICMP source quench
Filesnarf --- grab NFS files
Mailsnarf --- grab
Msgsnarf --- grab IM traffic
Urlsnarf --- grab URLs from HTTP traffic
Webspy --- view web pages victim views
Network Attacks

42. Sniffing Defenses Use secure protocols
SSL, SSH, SMIME, PGP, IPSec
Do not use telnet for sensitive info
Take certificate warnings seriously
Prefer switches to hubs
Hard code MAC addresses, if possible
Static ARP tables, where possible
Network Attacks

43. Sniffing Defenses Use tools to detect promiscuous mode
Ipconfig (UNIX), PromiscDetect (Windows)
Sentinel looks for anomalies on LAN that indicate sniffing
Send packet (ping, for example) with bogus destination MAC address
Any reply indicates sniffing
Also, some Windows-specific tools
Network Attacks

44. IP Address Spoofing IP Address Spoofing Enables Trudy to…
Changing source IP address
Enables Trudy to…
Cover her tracks
Break applications that use IP address for authentication
Previous examples: Nmap, Dsniff, …
Network Attacks

45. Simple Spoofing Simply change the IP address
Ipconfig or Windows network Control Panel
Works when Trudy does not need response
DoS, for example
Tools for packet crafting
Hping2
Nemesis
NetDude
Network Attacks

46. Simple Spoofing Limitations of simple spoofing
Trudy cannot easily interact with target
Spoofing TCP especially difficult
Interactive simple spoofing works if Trudy on same LAN as spoofed address
Network Attacks

47. Simple Spoofing
Network Attacks

48. Predicting Sequence Numbers
Not-so-simple spoofing…
Trusted machines often require no authentication beyond TCP connection
Trudy can pretend to be trusted machine by spoofing IP address
To establish connection, Trudy must predict initial sequence number
Network Attacks

49. Not-So-Simple Spoofing
Network Attacks

50. Not-So-Simple Spoofing
Note that…
Trudy must correctly guess ISNB
Trudy does not see responses (not a true interactive session)
Bob thinks packets came from Alice
Good attack for r-commands
Network Attacks

51. Spoofing via Source Routing
Specify path packet will take
Loose source routing
Specify some hops
Source routing makes Trudy’s life much easier
Next slide
Network Attacks

52. Spoofing via Source Routing
Network Attacks

53. Spoofing via Source Routing
Seldom works across Internet
Source routing blocked by gateway
May work on internal network
Makes insider attacks easy
Network Attacks

54. IP Spoofing Defenses Be sure ISNs are reasonably random
Avoid using r-commands
Or use only with SSH or VPN
IP address for authentication … NOT!
Do not allow source routing
Be careful with trust relationships
Network Attacks

55. IP Spoofing Defense Employ anti-spoof packet filters
Network Attacks

56. Session Hijacking Trudy “steals” an existing session
Network-based session hijacking
Combines spoofing and sniffing
Alice and Bob have existing connection
Trudy is sniffing packets (on LAN)
Trudy starts injecting packets
Bob thinks packets came from Alice
This works even if strong authentication used, provided there is no encryption
Network Attacks

57. Session Hijacking Also, host-based session hijacking
Tools for session hijacking
Hunt
Dsniff --- sshmitm
Ettercap
Juggernaut
IP Watcher, TTYWatcher, TTYSnoop
Network Attacks

58. ACK Storm If Alice is alive during session hijack… Limits the attack
Network Attacks

59. Ettercap Ettercap can prevent ACK storm ARP cache poisoning
Ettercap makes Trudy MiM
Network Attacks

60. Ettercap
Network Attacks

61. Hunt Hunt offers similar feature as Ettercap
Includes a “resync” feature that may allow Trudy out of MiM
And allow Alice and Bob to continue
Ettercap and Hunt attacks can work even if Trudy not on same LAN
Trudy must be on network between Alice & Bob
Network Attacks

62. MiM Attack
Network Attacks

63. Wireless Access Points
All attacks so far also work on wireless networks
But wireless has unique attack…
Access point hijacking
Given SSID, pretend to be access point
Then need to get victims to associate with fake access point
Tool for this: AirJack
Network Attacks

64. Session Hijacking Defenses
Use defenses against spoofing and sniffing
Use SSH version 2
Dsniff and Ettercap MiM work against SSH version 1
Pay careful attention to certificate warnings
Network Attacks

65. Netcat General-purpose networking tool You get the idea…
“…single most useful tool … for interacting with a system across a network”
“Swiss army knife of network tools”
If you were stranded on a desert island, your one attack tool would be Netcat
You get the idea…
Network Attacks

66. Netcat
Send or receive data from any TCP or UDP port to any TCP or UDP port
Network Attacks

67. Netcat For File Transfer
File transfer: any port, push or pull
Network Attacks

68. Netcat For Port Scanning
Plain vanilla port scanning
Unlike Nmap, which has many options
Network Attacks

69. Netcat: Connect to Open Ports
Send data and see what comes back
Better than telnet because
Easier to redirect output to file
Easier to drop a connection
No telnet control data/characters
No telnet error messages
telnet cannot make UDP connections
Network Attacks

70. Netcat: Vulnerability Scanning
Netcat as “vulnerability engine”
I.e., attacker writes scripts that use Netcat’s capabilities
Netcat comes with scripts to check for vulnerabilites in RPC, NFS, trust, FTP, a really weak passwords (very limited compared to Nessus)
Network Attacks

71. Netcat Backdoors With access to a machine, Trudy can
Start a Netcat listener for future access
Create an active backdoor (i.e., push data)
These are most common uses of Netcat by bad guys
Network Attacks

72. Netcat to Relay Traffic
Can use Netcat to relay traffic
Trudy can hide her true location
10 or more “hops” sometimes seen
Across political/language boundaries
Network Attacks

73. Evade Packet Filter
Network Attacks

74. How to Create Netcat Relay?
Three popular techniques
Modify inted in UNIX/Linux
Add a line to inted.conf file
“backpipe” on UNIX/Linux
Use mknod: pipes data in FIFO order
Relay bat file in Windows
Network Attacks

75. Backpipe
Network Attacks

76. Netcat Listeners By default, Netcat listener is nonpersistent
In Windows version, can create persistent listeners
In UNIX, requires a little more work from Trudy to get same effect
see book for details
Network Attacks

77. Netcat Honeypots Good guys can create Netcat (persistent) listeners
These can be used as honeypots
Network Attacks

78. Netcat Defenses Prevent Netcat file transfers
Firewall configuration issue
Secure against port scanning
Minimal number of listening ports
Block arbitrary connections to ports
Close unused ports
Protect against vulnerability scanning
Apply patches
Network Attacks

79. Netcat Defenses Stop backdoors Prevent relay attacks
Need to know what processes are running so you can detect rogue processes
Prevent relay attacks
No single point that attacker can relay around
Stop persistent listeners
Periodically check for unexpected listening ports
Network Attacks