1. Why Do Ethnicities Clash?

2. Why do Ethnicities Clash?
1. Ethnic Competition to Dominate
2. Dividing Ethnicities among more than one state

3. Ethnic Clashes Around the World
1. Horn of Africa
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, & Somalia
2. Lebanon
Christian Maronite, Orthodox Christians, Sunni & Shiite Muslims
3. Sri Lanka
Sinhalese (Buddhist) & Tamils (Tamil Tigers) (Hindus)
4. Balkan Peninsula

4. Former Yugoslavia, Where was it?
Eastern Europe
Balkan Peninsula
Eastern Side of Adriatic Sea
North of Greece

5. Balkan Peninsula Romania Albania Greece Bulgaria Slovenia Macedonia
(Former) Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro)
Slovenia
Macedonia
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Croatia

6. It has been an area of constant changes and fallen victim to Empire Building.
Early 1200’s to WWI (1918) Balkans were controlled by three empires.
1. Austria-Hungary (N +W)
2. Ottoman Empire (S +E)
3. Russia (E)’
YUGOSLAVIA was a TRANSITION ZONE

7. Formation of Yugoslavia
Formed after WWII, under leadership of Josip Broz Tito ( ).

8. Yugoslavia had 6 Republics
1. Bosnia-Herzegovina
2. Croatia
3. Macedonia
4. Montenegro
5. Serbia
6. Slovenia

9. The 6 republics each had…
Their own parliament
Their own official language
Their own army
Serbian Alphabet

10. Yugoslavian Federal Government
Head of State is the President
Federal Assembly (Legislature)
National Army
Control of International Issues

11. What can you conclude based on the following quotation?
“Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, six republics, five nationalities, three religions, two alphabets and one dinar (currency)”

12. Diversity in Yugoslavia
7 Neighbors
Italy
Austria
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Greece
Albania

13. Diversity in Yugoslavia
6 Republics
Slovenia
Croatia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia (Vojvodina, Kosovo)

14. Diversity in Yugoslavia
Nationalities
Serbs
Croats
Slovenes
Macedonians
Montenegros
You can also add in Hungarians and Albanians.

15. Diversity in Yugoslavia
Languages
Croat
Serbian
Hungarian
Albanian

17. Diversity in Yugoslavia
Religions
Orthodox
Catholic
Islam

18. Diversity in Yugoslavia
Alphabets
Greek
Latin (we use this)

19. Destruction of Multi-Ethnic Yugoslavia
Following Tito’s death ethnic rivalries resurfaced in Yugoslavia.
Tito was a centripetal force, he brought the many ethnicities together.

20. Break up of Yugoslavia
Slovenia first to declare independence : June of 1991
Croatia declared right after Slovenia
Fighting broke out in Croatia in January 1992 between the Serbs and the Croats, mainly in the area of Krajina which is mostly Serb.
Macedonia declared in September of ’91
Bosnia declared in March of ‘92

21. Intense Fighting Three Groups wanted control of the country Serbs
Croats
Bosniacs (Bosnian Muslims)

22. Intense Fighting- Serbian Side
Serbs goal is to control any territory occupied by Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia and add it to Serbia to create a “Greater Serbia”
Milosevic sent the Yugoslavian army into Bosnia to help the Bosnian Serbs fight. Milosevic believed “no Serb should be controlled by anyone but another Serb”.

23. Intense Fighting- Croat side
Croat’s goal was to control any territory occupied by Croats in Bosnia and add it to Croatia to created a “Greater Croatia”.
Croatia sent their army into Bosnia to help Bosnian Croats

24. “HELP!” Plead Bosnian Muslims
Bosnian Muslims have no one to turn to, so they ask the United Nations for help.

25. “Ethnic Cleansing”
Process in which a powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Rid a region of an entire ethnicity so the surviving ethnic group can be the sole inhabitants. (Men, women and children)

26. During the war, Serbs always had the advantage of a stronger military
During the war, Serbs always had the advantage of a stronger military. They resorted to “ethnic cleansing”
Forcibly removed Croats and Muslims from their homes by ANY means possible.
Muslims became the prime targets- they are killed systematically and by the thousands
Serbs want “ethnically pure” land

27. Atrocity against Bosnian Muslims
March 26, 1992, Bosanski Brod, Bosnia First massacre in Bosnia ,Croat and Bosnian Muslim forces executed, mutilated, and beheaded 20 Bosnian Serb civilians in Sijekovac near Bosanski Brod. An 85 year Bosnian Serb was executed and then burned inside his house. The decapitated and mutilated corpses of Bosnian Serbs murdered in northern Bosnia near Brod.

28. Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
Serbs take control of Albanian majority Kosovo and follow the same process of Ethnic Cleansing.
750,000 of the 2 million Albanian majority of Kosovo were forced from their homes and made refugees.

29. NATO Intervenes
USA and its Western European allies launch an air attack against Serbia.
Bombing ended when Serbia agreed to pull out of Kosovo.
Peace Treaty: Dayton Accords
Bosnia becomes a checkerboard of enclaves- areas of land where one group of people are surrounded by another group.

30. Future?
“If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because in a tragic way ethnic cleansing “worked”. Million of people were rounded up and killed or forced to migrate because they constituted ethnic minorities. Ethnic homogeneity may be the price of peace in areas that once were multi-ethnic”
What do you think? (write a short response to give to Ms. Seaton)

31. Bosnia Video

32. FRQ Prep: Ethnicity

33. Words to Know Nation State Nation-state
People with shared CULTURAL identity
State
Politically organized territory
Sovereign Government
Recognized by International Community
Nation-state
A political territory that coincides with the area settle by a certain group of people

34. Examples of Nations, States, and Nation-States in this territory?

35. Examples of Nations, States, and Nation-States in this territory?

37. How has the nation-state ideal led to conflict in these two regions?
Who has conflicts? Why?