1. Chapter 8-11
Study Guide

2. Chapter 8 1. What are signposts?
Words or phrases the speaker uses to help listeners follow the speech.

3. 2. What are the chief characteristics of an informal outline?
It is simple and brief
Uses words and phrases instead of sentences
Shows the relationship between the topic and subtopic
Uses abbreviations

4. 3. Why is it helpful to indent subpoints and supporting details?
It helps identify relationships between topics, subtopics, and details.

5. Chapter 9 1. anecdotes Brief stories 2. evidence
Facts, statistics, and so on that are used to support an argument.

6. 3. post hoc ergo propter hoc
Confusing “after” with “because”
4. false analogy
A misleading comparison from which one reasons
5. inferring
Ability to make generalizations

7. 6. reasoning backward
Assuming that people belong to a group because they have a characteric in common with that group
7. begging the question
Stating a position that needs to be proved as if it were true

8. 8. logical argument
An objective reason that supports a position
9. logical fallacy
Errors in reasoning
10. identification
Thinking of the speaker as a person like oneself.

9. 11. Name the common logical fallacies.
Oversimplifying the issue
Begging the question
Misleading statistics
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Reasoning backward
False analogy

10. 12. What is the statement of your position?
The sentence that states the purpose of your speech.
13. What kind of evidence is used in an inductive reasoning logical argument?
Experience
experiment
statistics

11. 14. What are the three kinds of needs upon which emotional appeals are based?
Physical
Psychological
Social

12. 15. What can a speaker to establish credibility with an audience?
Establish a good reputation
Demonstrate knowledge of the topic
Be sincere
Appear trustworthy

13. Chapter 10 1. loaded words and phrases
Terms charged with positive, negative, or hidden implications
2. name calling
Attaching a label with negative connotations to a person

14. 3. faulty generalizations
Statements based either on too little evidence or on prejudice
4. the bandwagon
A movemet or cause that propagandists urge audiences to support simply because everyone else does

15. 5. transference
The redirection of positive associations from one source to another
6. testimonial
An endorsement by a celebrity
7. the big lie
An outright, often outrageous, falsehood repeated loudly and frequently

16. 8. stereotyping
Prejudice, holding an oversimplified or preconceived mental picture
9. innuendo
Attacking a person by implication or association

17. 10. What are the active listening skills that need to be used when engaging in critical listening?
Paraphrasing
Questioning
Looking for patterns

18. 11. What questions should you ask yourself in order to become conscious of your standards?
About topic
About speaker
About message

19. 12. Name and explain the two types of faulty generalizations.
Hasty—based on too little evidence
Glittering—based on prejudice

20. Chapter 11
1. What purpose does a speech given as part of a ceremony serve?
It unites a group
Affirms the speaker’s commitment to it
Helps preserve its values

21. 2. What is the basic organization of a ceremonial speech?
Introduction, body, and conclusion
3. What are some suggestions for giving speeches that mark beginnings or endings?
Focus on common experiences
Recall shared events
Have a central idea

22. 4. What are some suggestions for giving speeches to present an award?
Praise the giver
Speak of the award’s history
Be specific in praising the recipient