1. AA>1 AA=1 1 A-A -Vcc Vcc =AV = -AV =V V V V V V X X X p n in out in
Voltage Controlled Switch V in
out
= -AV
A-A
Inverting Amplifier X V in
out =V
AA=1
Unity Gain /Buffer Amplifier X
=AV in V
out
Non-Inverting Amplifier
AA>1 X V in
Buffer (Unity Gain)
Vo = Vs
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Vo= Vs (R1+R2)/R2
Inverting Amplifier
Vo = Vs (-Rf/Rs)
Ro ̴ 0Ω
Ro ̴ 0Ω
Ro ̴ 0Ω
Voltage and current are the fundamental elements of electricity. This card represents voltage sources that are constant, that output current that is also constant. We call these ‘direct current’ or DC sources. DC means the voltage (or current) is constant.
A battery is a good example of this kind of voltage. Voltages have positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, shown here. The current also has a polarity, shown by the direction of the arrow. The arrow always comes OUT of the positive terminal of the battery. The TAIL of the current is (-) and the arrowhead of the current is (+).
Note that there cards are set up so the black border indicates the side you would see physically. The sides with the red border indicate what you would see in a circuit diagram. There are two common ways of showing VDC in a circuit diagram, for instance.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is all about ‘What can you do to a voltage (or current)?’

2. 1 V V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 + + + X X X Vo=-AV1-BV2 Vo=AV1+BV2 Vo=AV1-BV2 -Bp 1 n
Voltage Controlled Switch V1
Vo=AV1-BV2 V2
Differencing Amp X A -B + V1
Vo=-AV1-BV2 V2
Inverting Summer X -A -B + V1
Vo=AV1+BV2 V2
Non-Inverting Summer X A B +
0 (Off)
(On)
(Off)
Differential Amp
Inverting Summer
Non-Inverting Summer
Ro ̴ 0Ω
Ro ̴ 0Ω
Ro ̴ 0Ω

3. + I V V R (Ω) - + I + - V V R (Ω) - ref(erence) = 0V = ground DC
VΩ com A
Voltmeter
Ohmeter
Variable Resistor V
ref(erence)
= 0V
= ground V DC + - I
R (Ω)
Variable Resistor +
Voltage and current are the fundamental elements of electricity. This card represents voltage sources that are constant, that output current that is also constant. We call these ‘direct current’ or DC sources. DC means the voltage (or current) is constant.
A battery is a good example of this kind of voltage. Voltages have positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, shown here. The current also has a polarity, shown by the direction of the arrow. The arrow always comes OUT of the positive terminal of the battery. The TAIL of the current is (-) and the arrowhead of the current is (+).
Note that there cards are set up so the black border indicates the side you would see physically. The sides with the red border indicate what you would see in a circuit diagram. There are two common ways of showing VDC in a circuit diagram, for instance.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is all about ‘What can you do to a voltage (or current)?’
VΩ com A -
Ammeter

4. R + V - V R (Ω) I=Vth/Rth R1 R R2 R (Ω) th Thevenin Equivalent th
Resistance-
Controlled
Voltage V
R (Ω)
Vout=
Vs / A + Vs - A
Voltage Divider
I=Vth/Rth
Norton
Equivalent th R
𝑉𝑜 ≈ 𝑉𝑜 ∆𝑅 𝑅
R+ΔR
Sensor Bridge
R (Ω) R1 R2
V2=
VsR2
R1+R2 + Vs -
Voltage Divider
Voltage and current are the fundamental elements of electricity. This card represents voltage sources that are constant, that output current that is also constant. We call these ‘direct current’ or DC sources. DC means the voltage (or current) is constant.
A battery is a good example of this kind of voltage. Voltages have positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, shown here. The current also has a polarity, shown by the direction of the arrow. The arrow always comes OUT of the positive terminal of the battery. The TAIL of the current is (-) and the arrowhead of the current is (+).
Note that there cards are set up so the black border indicates the side you would see physically. The sides with the red border indicate what you would see in a circuit diagram. There are two common ways of showing VDC in a circuit diagram, for instance.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is all about ‘What can you do to a voltage (or current)?’