1. The Scramble for Africa
Imperialism
The Scramble for Africa

2. Administration of Tropical Dependences
Used ethnic and cultural divisions to their advantage
Animists and Christians vs. Muslims
Divided into “tribes”
Treated as inferior
Europeans lived in capital city or major towns
Used African and Asians for local administration
Western educated
From elite groups

3. Imperialism in Africa
In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.
Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, the other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent.
King Leopold

4. Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference
In , to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited. Led to tribalism.
Berlin Conference

6. Britain France Germany Italy Belgium Portugal Spain
Europeans in Africa
Britain
France
Germany
Italy
Belgium
Europeans
In Africa
By 1914
Portugal
Spain

7. Britain’s claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources.
Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location.
Britain wanted an empire that stretched North south across Africa.
British Territory

9. French Algeria
France was very powerful in North Africa, and later spread into West and Central Africa. The territory France controlled was as large as the United States.
French Territory

10. Algeria: Colonial History
French colonize Algeria after 4 year occupation following a brutal conquest
Approach to Colonization: Spread of civilization.
Citizenship was offered to Algerians who converted to Christianity and had attained a university education.
Thousands of French settlers moved to Algeria and settled along the coast
French troops capture the capital Algiers

11. The newly formed German empire had to fight many battles against African natives to take lands in the southern half of Africa.
German Territory
Germany would lose its colonial territories after its loss in World War I.

12. German colonization of Southwest Africa was particularly brutal
The German colonial army massacred the indigenous Herero population in the early 1900s

13. King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo, and brutalized the natives. Many Africans were enslaved, beaten, and killed.
It is estimated that 10 million Congolese died under Belgian rule.
Belgium Territory

14. Liberia and Ethiopia Independent Africans
After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa.
In the early 1800s, President Monroe helped free slaves settle in Liberia. The former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor.
President
Monroe

15. Liberia

16. Independent Africans
The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a successful military resistance. Emperor Menelik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools.
When the Italians invaded they were defeated so badly by Menelik that no other Europeans tried to take Ethiopia.

17. Ethiopia
Menelik

18. Effects of Imperialism in Africa
Positive Results
Negative Results
1. Unified national states created
1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial borders
2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition
2. Created population explosion  famine
3. Increased agricultural production
3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans
4. Improved transportation and communication facilities
4. Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights.
5. Expanded educational opportunities
5. Downgraded traditional African culture  westernization