1. From a cell to an organism
Chapter 3
From a cell to an organism

2. The cell CYCLE IS A CYCLE OF GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DIVISION
IS NEEDED TO ALLOW ORGANISMS TO GROW, DEVELOP, AND REPLACE OLD OR DAMAGED CELLS
NEEDED TO MAKE NEW CELLS

3. The cell cycle and cell division
Two main phases: interphase and mitosis
Interphase: the longest portion of the cell cycle
copying of DNA occurs now as well as the copying of organelles

4. Mitotic phase Consists of mitosis:
the nucleus divides and cytokinesis occurs:
Cytokinesis is where the cytoplasm divides and the 2 new daughter cells are formed

5. Phases of mitosis Prophase:
nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, chromatin has thickened

6. Prophase to Metaphase

7. 2. Metaphase:
chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) of the cell

8. 3. Anaphase:
Sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the cell

9. 4. telophase
Nuclear membrane reforms and Spindle fibers disappear

10. After mitosis…… In Animal Cells:
Cytokinesis occurs: the cytoplasm is creased or furrowed until the cell membrane divides into two daughter cells.
In Plant Cells:
A cell plate forms between the two daughter cells in plant cells.

11. Results of cell division
Reproduction for unicellular organisms.
Growth in multicellular organism.
Replacement of damaged or old cells.
Repair of damaged cells

12. Levels of organization
Lesson 2

13. Levels of organization

14. Unicellular organisms
Carry out all of their life processes within one cell.
Prokaryotes, bacteria, may live in colonies.
Eukaryotes, may have a contractile vacuole to help them maintain proper water balance.

15. Multicellular organisms
Cell differentiation: the process by which cells become different type of cells.
Stem cells: are unspecialized cells that are able to develop into many different cell types.

16. tissues
Groups of similar types of cells that work together to perform a function.
Humans have four types of tissues:
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

17. Tissues (continued) Plants have three types of tissue:
Dermal: provides protection and prevents water loss
Vascular: moves water and nutrients throughout the plant
Ground: is where photosynthesis takes place, also provides storage and support

18. organs Are groups of tissues that work together to provide a function.
Plant organs include leaves, roots, and flowers.

19. Organ systems
Are groups of organs that work together to perform a job.
Plants have two major organ systems:
Shoot system: including the leaves, stems, and flowers.
Root system: takes in water and anchors plant.

20. organisms
Multicellular organisms have many different organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis.