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From a cell to an organism
Chapter 3 From a cell to an organism
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The cell CYCLE IS A CYCLE OF GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DIVISION
IS NEEDED TO ALLOW ORGANISMS TO GROW, DEVELOP, AND REPLACE OLD OR DAMAGED CELLS NEEDED TO MAKE NEW CELLS
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The cell cycle and cell division
Two main phases: interphase and mitosis Interphase: the longest portion of the cell cycle copying of DNA occurs now as well as the copying of organelles
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Mitotic phase Consists of mitosis:
the nucleus divides and cytokinesis occurs: Cytokinesis is where the cytoplasm divides and the 2 new daughter cells are formed
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Phases of mitosis Prophase:
nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, chromatin has thickened
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Prophase to Metaphase
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2. Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) of the cell
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3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the cell
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4. telophase Nuclear membrane reforms and Spindle fibers disappear
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After mitosis…… In Animal Cells:
Cytokinesis occurs: the cytoplasm is creased or furrowed until the cell membrane divides into two daughter cells. In Plant Cells: A cell plate forms between the two daughter cells in plant cells.
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Results of cell division
Reproduction for unicellular organisms. Growth in multicellular organism. Replacement of damaged or old cells. Repair of damaged cells
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Levels of organization
Lesson 2
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Levels of organization
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Unicellular organisms
Carry out all of their life processes within one cell. Prokaryotes, bacteria, may live in colonies. Eukaryotes, may have a contractile vacuole to help them maintain proper water balance.
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Multicellular organisms
Cell differentiation: the process by which cells become different type of cells. Stem cells: are unspecialized cells that are able to develop into many different cell types.
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tissues Groups of similar types of cells that work together to perform a function. Humans have four types of tissues: Muscle Nervous Epithelial Connective
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Tissues (continued) Plants have three types of tissue:
Dermal: provides protection and prevents water loss Vascular: moves water and nutrients throughout the plant Ground: is where photosynthesis takes place, also provides storage and support
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organs Are groups of tissues that work together to provide a function.
Plant organs include leaves, roots, and flowers.
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Organ systems Are groups of organs that work together to perform a job. Plants have two major organ systems: Shoot system: including the leaves, stems, and flowers. Root system: takes in water and anchors plant.
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organisms Multicellular organisms have many different organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis.
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