1. Fall 2014 LLW Forum Meeting October 2014

2. U-238 Series

3. Th-232 Series

4. Oil and Gas NORM Wastes

5. Radionuclide Concentrations in Oil and Gas NORM Waste
(1 Bq = 27 pCi)
(1Bq/gm of Ra-226 is about equal to 320 mrem/yr)

6. Waste types and Disposal Options
Waste Category
Disposal Alternatives
Produced water
Reinjection
Treatment by separation
Treatment by evaporation
Sludges from separation or evaporation
Treatment by incineration
Underground injection
Disposal in EPA regulated facilities
Disposal in NORM or LLRW disposal facilities
Salt caverns
Pipe scales
Contaminated equipment
Decontaminate and release for reuse
Shallow land burial

7. Waste types and Disposal Options
Waste Category
Disposal Alternatives
Norm contaminated soils
Landspreading (below exempt levels) or landspreading with dilution
All other disposal options with higher activity
Sea disposal
Low activity NORM
Exempt NORM waste
US: regulated by states
Typically 5 pCi/gm CRCPD Part N
TX,LA, MS, GA, SC & NM: 30 pCi/gm
USDOT: 270 pCi/gm
IAEA: 27 pCi/gm

8. NORM Disposal Hierarchy

9. US Shallow land burial options
US Ecology:
Grandview ID RCRA Subtitle C
Ra-226: 500 pCi/gm bulk; 1500 pCi/gm requires IP-1 package
Hanford WA Licensed LLRW facility
Ra-226: Bulk waste 10,000 pCi/gm typically requires packaging
Energy Solutions – Clive UT Licensed LLRW facility
Ra-226: 10,000 pCi/gm; > 300 pCi/gm typically requires non-bulk containers

10. US Shallow land burial options
Waste Control Specialists
Andrews TX RCRA Subtitle C exempt disposal
Ra-226: 2000 pCi/gm
All other radionuclides accepted to about 10 % of Class A limits:
Examples: Cs ,000 pCi/gm; Co-60 – 174,000 pCi/gm; Tc-99 – 18,800 pCi/gm; Sr-90 – 2500 pCi/gm; U-238 – 23,000 pCi/gm; C-14 – 50,000 pCi/gm; TRU – 1000 pCi/gm
Waste shipped to WCS as LLRW and exempted at the site
Andrews TX Licensed LLRW facility
100,000 pCi/gm sealed sources and other discrete NORM
10,000 pCi/gm bulk waste

11. UAE Treatment and Disposal Proposed Facility

12. UAE Proposed Treatment Facility

13. UAE Proposed Disposal Facility