1. Third Exam Thursday 7 December 2017
Chapters 11-15, 17 plus 8 readings
Energy
Money
Land
Food
Water
Sewage
Solutions
Space Travel
26th Lecture
5 December 2017
Final Exam 40% -- Dec. 15th. 9am -12 noon

2. Modes of Transmission of Parasites
Biological Control
Oryctolagus x Myxoma
Opuntia x Cactoblastis
Cane Toads, Asian Toads
_____________________________________________________________
Darwinian Medicine: Application of an evolutionary approach to medical treatment
Don’t treat symptoms. Distinguish host defenses from parasite manipulation
Coevolution
Pinworms x Primates
Drosophila pachea and Senita cactus
Wild ginger, Asarum caudatum, and slug Ariolimax columbianus
Plant Apparency
Expensive quantitative vs inexpensive qualitative chemical defenses
Janzen’s Seedling Ring Hypothesis Pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus) seed predation and coniferous food trees

3. Community and Ecosystem Ecology Macrodescriptors = Aggregate Variables Compartment models, trophic structure, food webs, connectance, rates of energy fixation and flow, biogeochemical cycles, ecological energetics, ecological efficiency, trophic continuum, guild structure, ecological pyramids, successional stages, transition matrix, species diversity, stability, relative importance curves. _____________________________________________________
Bottom Line. Communities are not designed by natural selection for smooth and efficient function, but are composed of many
antagonists (we need to attempt to understand them in terms of
interactions between individual organisms)

4. Transition Matrix for Institute Woods in Princeton 11 species of trees
_________________________________________________________________________
Canopy Sapling Species (%)
Species BTA GB SF BG SG WO OK HI TU RM BE Total __________________________________________________________________________
BT Aspen
Gray birch
Sassafras
Blackgum
Sweetgum
White Oak
Red Oak
Hickory
Tuliptree
Red Maple
Beech
__________________________________________________________________________
BTA in next generation = 0.03 BTA SF BG Grand Total = 3286
Henry Horn

5. Distributions of Trees Observed in 4 Forests and Predicted Climax
_________________________________________________________________________
Age (years) BTA GB SF BG SG WO OK HI TU RM BE _________________________________________________________________________
Predicted
climax
________________________________________________________________________
Data from the Institute Woods in Princeton (Horn 1975)
Henry Horn

6. Diversity and Community Stability
Diversity and Community Stability Saturation with Individuals and with Species Species Diversity = Biodiversity Species Density or Species Richness Relative Abundance/Importance Equitability

7. Species Diversity = “Biodiversity”
Regional <—> Local <—> Point diversity
Saturation with species
Four ways in which diversity can differ
1. Range of available resources
2. Degree of saturation
3. Niche breadth
4. Degree of niche overlap

8. Species Diversity, Relative Abundance. Species. Site A. Site B. A. 10
Species Diversity, Relative Abundance Species Site A Site B A B C D E F G H I J

9. Relative Abundance / Importance
Ways two systems can differ in diversity
1. Range of Available Resources
2. Average Niche Breadth
 3. Average Niche Overlap
4. Degree of Saturation with Species
5. Species Richness, Equitability 
Relative Abundance / Importance

10. All 10 Sites: Total Number of lizards: 20,990
Total numbers of lizards of 67 species
collected on 10 desert study sites from
plotted against their ranks in
relative abundance. The 12 most common
species (blue) are named, along with 7 of
the 54 less common to rare species (green,
red).
Samples exceed 30 for 48 of the 67 species.

11. Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness

14. From: Schall and Pianka
1978 Science 201:

18. Ctenotus
Comb-eared
Skinks

19. Latitudinal gradients in diversity
Time theories, degree of saturation with species
Climatic stability and climatic predictability, niche breadth
Spatial heterogeneity, range of available resources
Productivity and stability of productivity, niche breadth
Competition —> specialization, narrow niches, higher diversity
Disturbance, intermediate disturbance hypothesis, niche overlap
Predation-induced diversity (Paine’s Pisaster experiment)

20. Spatial heterogeneity
Range of available resources

21. Productivity Hypothesis

22. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Paine’s
“Keystone
Predator”
Phenomenon

25. Tree Species Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests
Seed Predation Hypothesis Nutrient Mosaic Hypothesis Circular Networks Hypothesis Disturbance Hypothesis
(Janzen’s “seedling rings)
(Epiphyte Load Hypothesis)

26. No facts, only interpretations: “Sunrise” = Spinup = Spindawn
Selective thinking, use classical Darwinian natural selection
Avoid homicidal males, ages 15 to 40-ish
Don’t trust politicians (self deceit, better liars)
Don’t trust anybody, not even your mate (cuckoldry, promiscuity)
Wash your hands and keep them away from your face!
Remember how to get into and out of a public toilet
Host-altered behavior: STDs —> increased sexual activity?
Eat green and brown bugs and caterpillars, not red or yellow ones
Soak acorns before eating, save tannin water for tanning hides
Remember you can make soap by boiling animal fat and ashes
Chew on willow for pain relief (salicyclic acid)
Don’t stand still around a big monitor lizard — if one starts to run up
your back, don’t reach around to get it off, just lay down on your belly
Knock centipedes off in the direction they are moving