2. What are Fossils?
Fossils are the evidence or remains of once-living plants or animals
Fossils provide evidence of past existence of a wide variety of life-forms
Body Fossils are parts of the bodies of organisms that have been preserved as fossils
Trace Fossils are fossilized evidence of life, such as burrows, tracks, droppings, and nests
The total number of fossils that exist is known as the fossil record. The fossil record provides evidence that a population has undergone changes in their environment, which is referred to as evolution

3. Learning from Fossils
Throughout history, people have found fossilized remains of ancient organisms and tried to learn from them
Many myths, such as those of dragons and griffins, resulted from finding dinosaur bones

4. Paleontologists are scientists who study the Earth’s history and use fossils to learn about past climates and geologic conditions
Paleo- means “very old”

5. Preservation of Original Remains
When all the organic material has been removed and the hard parts of a plant or animal have been changed by mineral replacement or by recrystallization
When pore spaces are filled with mineral substances, it is referred to as permineralization.
Most common method of fossilization
Example: Petrified Wood

6. Molds and Casts
Mold – hollowed-out impression of the shell that was left in sedimentary rock
Cast – When the cavity of the hollowed-out impression becomes filled with minerals or sediments

7. Preserved Remains
Preserved remains – actual organisms preserved in fossils
Trapped in amber (ancient tree sap) or frozen in ice
Scientists can study the organism’s DNA
Most useful fossils, but also the rarest

8. Why Study Fossils?
The study of fossils provide us with clues about past climates, the motions of plates, and other geological events
Describe how organisms have changed through time
Show evidence of ancient environmental conditions
Help scientists find patterns and cycles that can be used to predict future phenomena
Allows scientists to interpret and describe Earth’s history

9. Index Fossils
Remains of plants or animals that can be used by geologists to correlate rock layers over large geographic areas or to date a particular rock layer
Easily recognized & Abundant
Widely distributed geographically
Must have lived during a short period of time

10. Law of Fossil Succession
Principle that states that fossils from different time periods show the nature of life during that time period
Fossils are found in a definite and determinable order due to life changing over time

11. Geologic Dating

12. Relative Dating
Compares the age of a rock (or fossil) to the age of another rock
Tells which is older but does not give actual age

13. Steno’s Laws Original Horizontality Lateral Continuity
As sediments are deposited, they form flat, horizontal layers
Sediments are deposited in continuous sheets extending as wide as the basin in which they form

14. Steno’s Laws (cont) Law of Superposition Cross-Cutting Relationships
Because sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of each other, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and youngest at the top
A rock formation cutting across another is younger than the rocks it disturbs

15. Unconformity
A gap in the rock record due to erosion

16. Key Bed
A distinctive layer of rock that can be found in most places around the world
A clay bed containing iridium is present around earth. It is dated around 66 million years ago and marks the mass extinction of the dinosaurs

17. Correlation
Matching rock layers in different regions of Earth to create a common timeline

18. Uniformitarianism
The processes that form Earth’s features today act the same way now as they did in the past
It would takes millions of years to form Earth’s landscape
Erosion occurs slowly now, and likely did in the past

19. Absolute Dating
Gives actual age measured in years or other unit of time
Typically measured in years, but there are several ways to measure time in nature

20. Tree Rings
Trees grow more quickly in spring and summer than in the winter, creating alternating thick lighter bands (summer) and thin dark bands (winter)
By counting the number of dark bands you can estimate the age of a tree
By analyzing the width of each ring scientists can study climate change

21. Ice Cores A cylinder of ice is extracted from a glacier or ice sheet
Layers form within glaciers because there is less snowfall in the summer which allows a dark layer of dust to accumulate on top of winter snow
Scientists drill deep into ice sheets to produce core samples and analyze them to determine climate change and to measure atmospheric gases

22. Radiometric Dating
Process that uses radioactive decay to determine absolute age of a material
Uses several different isotopes to check accuracy of the ages that have been calculated

23. Chemistry Review

24. Half - Lives Radioactive decay eventually splits the atom
When this happens, the original (now unstable) atom is called the parent material and the resulting (stable) atom is called the daughter material
As time passes, the proportion of radioactive isotopes will decrease and the proportion of daughter isotopes will increase
The average amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay is referred to as the Half-Life
Each year, the sample is divided in half
50% parent / 50% daughter (1)
25% parent / 75% daughter (2)
12.5% parent / 87.5% daughter (3)

25. Limitations to radiometric dating
Can only be used on certain materials
Organic Remains
Older Rocks (+100,000 years)
Works best with igneous rocks