1. LEPIDOPTERA DANIIDAE DANAUS PLEXIPPUS ARCTIIDAE EUCHAETIAS EGLE
MILKWEED INSECTS
LEPIDOPTERA
DANIIDAE
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS
ARCTIIDAE
EUCHAETIAS EGLE

2. MILKWEED INSECTS HEMIPTERA LYGAEIDAE Oncopeltus fasciatus HOMOPTERA
APHIDIDAE
APHIS NERII

3. MILKWEED INSECTS II COLEOPTERA CERAMBYCIDAE TETRAOPES TETRAOPHTHALMUS
CHRYSOMELIDAE
LABIDOMERA CLIVICOLLIS

4. COMMON MILKWEED ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA

5. MILKWEEDS ARE CHEMICALLY DEFENDED

6. HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE

7. HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE AT LEAST THREE SPECIES OF THE
THE FAMILY LYGAEIDAE OCCUR ON
THE SEED PODS OF MILKWEED

8. ADULTS OF ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)

9. MATING PAIR OF ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS

10. ONCOPELTUS WITH NYMPHS

11. LEPIDOPTERA: TWO FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA HAVE LARVAE THAT FEED ON
MILKWEED FOLIAGE
DANAIIDAE: DANAUS PLEXIPPUS
ARCTIIDAE: EUCHAETIAS EGLE

12. LEPIDOPTERA: DANAIDAE

13. LARVA OF MONARCH BUTTERFLY

14. PUPA OF MONARCH BUTTERFLY

15. LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE

16. COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE

17. CERAMBYCIDAE TETRAOPES TETROPHTHALMUS

18. CHRYSOMELIDAE: LABIDOMERA CLIVICOLLIS

19. MILKWEED POISONS CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES ARE EMETICS
THAT INDUCE VOMITING IN BIRDS AND
OTHER VERTEBRATES AT HALF THE LETHAL DOSAGE. THUS, THE PREDATOR IS NOT KILLED BUT LEARNS TO AVOID THESE APOSEMATIC SPECIES IN LATER ENCOUNTERS.

20. VICEROY BUTTERFLY IS A MIMIC OF THE MONARCH

21. VICEROY BUTTERFLY IS PERFECTLY PALATABLE
LARVAE OF THE VICEROY FEED ON NON-TOXIC WILLOWS AND POPLARS
BIRDS CANNOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE MONARCH AND THE VICEROY

22. OTHER SPECIES OF MILKWEED, AS THE SWAMP MILKWEED, HAVE SIMILAR ASSOCIATED INSECT FAUNAS