1. THEORY
OBSERVATION

2. CLICKER TRUE B. FALSE The point that the first slide
is making is that theory comes before research.
Slide 1
TRUE
B. FALSE

3. Three Basic Elements of Theory Construction
HYPOTHESIS:
Testability
intuitive
rigorous
Literature,
Art,
Practical
Affairs
Science
Operational Specificity
CONSTRUCTS:
with surplus meaning
Explicit empirical
referents
OBSERVATIONS:
everyday ambiguous
experimental

4. CLICKER
The 3 basic elements of theory construction are on a continuum linking the humanities and science.
FALSE
TRUE

5. EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT: that portion of research in which variables are manipulated
and their effects upon other variables observed.

6. CLICKER
An experiment is a specific way of collecting information that allows the researcher to make connections between specific variables.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE

7. CONFOUNDING (or EXTRANEOUS) VARIABLES
History: Events occurring between measurement 1 and 2
Maturation: e.g., growing older, hungrier, more tired
Testing: Effects of test 1 on test 2
Instrumentation: Effects due to changes in instruments, observers or scorers

8. CONFOUNDING (or EXTRANEOUS) VARIABLES
Selection Bias: Differential selection of respondents for the comparison groups
Interaction Effects: Selection biases and the experimental variable

9. Which of the following are extraneous variables:
CLICKER
Which of the following are extraneous variables:
TESTING
SELECTION BIAS
HISTORY
INSTRUMENTATION
ALL OF THE ABOVE