1. Urbanization

2. Urbanization:
With the change from an agricultural economy to an industrial one came the change from a rural society to an urban one.
Demographically, the population shifts were dramatic.
In 1880, 70% of Americans lived on farms or in towns with fewer than twenty-five hundred people.
By % of Americans lived in cities.
By 1920, a milestone had been reached: a majority of people-51.5 percent-dwelled in cities.

3. Population
Population from doubled to about 80 million (105 million by 1920)
No American city had 1 million people in 1860.
By 1900,
New York had 3.5 million people; 2nd largest in world (London 1st)
Chicago and Philadelphia had over 1 million people.
Cities of more than 100,000 people: 1880= =38
In 1910, in 18 of the 25 largest cities in the United States, immigrants and their children made up more than half the total population.

4. Migration Migration also fueled the rise of the cities
Migration of African Americans to urban areas--African Americans began moving from the south to the northern and western areas of the country.
They were fleeing sharecropping, violence, political oppression and seeking better economic conditions. They did not find this.
By American cities had a population of more than 10,000 blacks
Few factories hired African Americans so they were forced to take jobs in the service and domestic sector of the economy--cleaning, cooking, garbage removal, etc.

5. 19th Century Growth of Chicago

6. 1820 – Population 15

7. 1854 Population 55,000

8. 1898 population 1,698,575

9. Skyscrapers
Skyscrapers emerged as steel allowed for taller buildings and elevators were perfected.
Louis Sullivan ( ) -- "form follows function" when making buildings.
Brooklyn Bridge (John A. Roebling)
Buffalo

10. Urban Problems
As the urban population increases, cities struggle with many problems. Among the problems cities face are:
overcrowded
unsanitary housing
mass transportation needs (Few streets were paved)
Crime
Disposing of sewage, cleaning streets (especially given the ever-present horse)
Removing garbage
Water quality--by the early twentieth century only 6 percent of urban residents received filtered water
Fires

11. The Great Chicago Fire
Blaming her simply involved adapting existing anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant sentiments to the terrible calamity at hand. As a poor clumsy Irishwoman and not a sworn enemy of the social order, she was a disempowered comic stereotype, the damage she caused the result of accident, not conspiracy
Info on these slides

12. The Great Chicago Fire October 8-10, 1871 1871
Oct. 8, Chicago: the “Chicago Fire” burned 17,450 buildings and killed 250 people; $196 million in damage.

13. The Great Chicago Fire

14. The Devastation

15. Before & After

16. Before & After

17. Before & After

18. Urban growth outstripped cities' abilities to provide for it
Police and fire protection
Row houses attempt to conserve space by sharing side walls with other buildings.
Dumbbell tenements (named for their shape) were an effort to allow for more windows and improve slum conditions.
Housing (Tenements)

19. Tenements

20. Mass-Transit
Commuting increased due to mass-transit (e.g. electric trolleys) streetcar suburbs emerged

21. Reformers Mobilize
Reform-minded church leaders inspire the building of churches in poor neighborhoods and espouse efforts to help the indigent.
Settlement houses are established in slum areas.

22. ~Frederick Law Olmstead
Urban Planning
Restore peace and serenity to urban areas
layout of cities and city parks
Frederick Olmstead
Headed urban planning
Central Park, NYC
Parks in Buffalo
“The main object and justification of the park is simply to produce a certain influence in the minds of people and through this to make life in the city healthier and happier. The character of this influence…is to be produced by means of scenes, through observation of which the mind may be more or less lifted out of moods and habits.”
~Frederick Law Olmstead

23. Growth of public education
-most city children could attend school
Most states began requiring weeks of school per year
-increase in high schools
Expanded curriculum to science, civics, social studies, and vocational classes
-few opportunities for minorities

24. Christian theme of helping the less fortunate
RAISING AWARENESS
-Social Gospel
Christian theme of helping the less fortunate
Salvation Army
-Jacob Riis
“How the Other Half Lives”
Photographic book about the urban poor written to get help
-Jane Addams
Hull House, Chicago
Settlement Houses
Community centers in slums that provide services to the poor
Jacob Riis and Jane Addams crusade for the poor to improve their urban living conditions in the major cities.

25. The Promise of America Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breath free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,
Send these, the nameless, tempest-tossed to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
How well did America live up to this promise?

26. Turn of the Century
A New Lifestyle

27. Built by trolley car companies to attract customers
Leisure Time
“A fierce upward rush, a wild grip at a loosening hat, and an instant later the shock. We were on the loop.We were shooting upward as a billow that breaks against the cliff; we were curling over as the wave curls backward; we were darting down to inevitable annihilation.”
-Amusement Parks
Coney Island, NY
Built by trolley car companies to attract customers
“world’s largest playground”
-bicycle craze
Opens doors for women – clothes and freedom
-tennis
-Hershey bars
-Coca-Cola, Pepsi
                                                                                                                    

28. Sports/Entertainment
“Baseball has seized upon the American people, irrespective of age, sex or other condition.”
Harper’s Weekly-
__________________
“Baseball is the very symbol…and visible expression of the drive and push and rush and struggle of the raging, tearing, booming nineteenth century.”
- Mark Twain -
Spectator sports enjoyed by millions
-baseball
First World Series 1903
Segregated Leagues
-boxing
-vaudeville, circus
Traveling shows attracted many for cheap
Theatrical, music, dancing
-ragtime music
Blends African-Am spirituals and European music
Originated in saloons
Important for jazz
-motion pictures
Horse in Motion (1878)
The Great Train Robbery

29. “Give the lady what she wants.” “We are the servants of the public.”
Retail Revolution
“Give the lady what she wants.”
___________
“We are the servants of the public.”
- Marshall Fields -
-shopping centers
-special districts in urban areas
For shopping
-department stores
Stores that offer different types of products
Field’s Department Store
-chain stores
Retail stores offering same merchandise under same ownership
-advertising
-mail order catalogs
Products to small towns
Rural Free Delivery Routes