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Global 9 Review
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Geography & Social Sciences
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Geography & Social Sciences
Geography: 5 Themes (MR HELP) Social sciences: Geographer Economist Archaeologist Sociologist Psychologist Anthropologist Primary source: documents/things that come from history (examples: diary, a personal letter)
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Early Man, the Neolithic Revolution, Early Civilizations
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Early Man, The Neolithic Revolution, Early Civilizations
Archaeologists discovered human origins in the Great Rift Valley of Africa Neolithic Revolution: shift from nomadic herding to settled farming Civilizations developed Job specialization Agriculture River valley civilizations Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent) Egypt Yellow River (China) Indus River (India)
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Belief Systems & Religions
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Belief Systems & Religions
Christianity Islam Judaism Buddhism Hinduism Caste system – strict social system Shinto Daoism Confucianism Legalism
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Classical Civilizations
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Classical Civilizations
Ancient Greece Athens (direct democracy, liberal arts culture) and Sparta (warlike culture) were city states Ancient Rome Aqueducts, the Coliseum, 12 Tables (law system) Byzantine Empire Justinian Code
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Golden Ages (Islamic, Asian)
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Golden Ages (Islamic, Asian)
Islamic Golden Age Libraries, astronomy, algebra Tang and Song Dynasties Gunpowder, porcelain Han Dynasty Civil service exams
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Bantu Migration & Early African Civilizations
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Bantu Migration & Early African Civilizations
Largest migration of people in history Moved generally from North to South Wanted access to better land for agriculture Aksum Ghana Mali Songhai African kingdoms prospered due to gold and salt trade “Mansa Musa was a Muslim from Mali who went to Mecca”
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Mongol Conquests
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Mongol Conquests Only foreign dynasty to ever rule China
Used horses with stirrups to easily overrun enemies – fierce warriors! Genghis Khan and grandson Kublai Khan are most important rulers
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European Middle Ages & Crusades
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European Middle Ages & Crusades
Feudalism – strict social classes Manorialism – economic system Agriculture & land most important “Age of Faith” – Roman Catholic Church central to people’s lives and very powerful Crusades – Christians trying to take over Holy Land in Middle East from Muslims “History’s most successful failures” – Christians did not achieve goal but CULTURAL DIFFUSION happened
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The Renaissance
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The Renaissance Happened in Italy because lots of trade and cultural diffusion (surrounded by water) Rebirth of learning and culture (Greek and Roman) Humanism – human achievement and potential Lots of art! Patrons supported artists
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Protestant Reformation
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Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther (Catholic monk) upset by corrupt Church Posted 95 Theses outlining complaints Church split into many branches RC Church lost power Counter Reformation: Catholic Church made reforms
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Meso- and South American Civilizations
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Meso- and South American Civilizations
Flourished before Europeans arrived Mayas Present day Mexico Architecture, calendar, astronomy, religion, writing system Incas Present day Peru (South America) Mountainous – built roads & bridges Organized government Aztecs Capital city: Tenochtitlan Floating gardens, organized government, architecture
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Gunpowder Empires (Safavid, Ottoman, Mughal)
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Gunpowder Empires: safavid, ottoman, mughal
Shi’ite Muslim dynasty in Persia from 16th-18th centuries Cultural blending (cultural diffusion) Golden Age Ottoman Central location spanning Europe, Africa, Asia (eastern Mediterranean) Very diverse Most important city: Constantinople (Istanbul) Controlled trade between Europe and Asia Suleiman the Magnificent (or the Lawgiver) most famous ruler – united empire under efficient government Eventually fell apart in the 1900s. Mughal Present day India Under ruler Akbar – Golden Age (arts, literature, cultural diffusion) Taj Mahal built
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Ming Dynasty
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Ming Dynasty Powerful Chinese dynasty
Muslim admiral named Zheng He led 7 voyages exploring Southeast Asia & Africa Isolationist foreign policy Forbidden City = imperial palace
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Japanese Feudalism
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Japanese Feudalism Strict class structure (like in European Middle Ages) Emperor only a figurehead, real power lay with shogun Samurai were warriors & protectors and practiced bushido
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European Exploration & the Encounter
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European Exploration & the Encounter
Europeans (Christopher Columbus was first) trying to find a water route to Asia for easier trade. Instead discovered that the Americas existed. Spain built an empire in Americas with conquistadores (Cortes, Pizarro) Many Native Americans died from labor & disease African slave trade began (Middle Passage) Triangular trade (Europe, Americas, Africa) Columbian exchange = global trade network (plants, animals, disease) Mercantilism = economic system, a country’s power depends on wealth, favorable balance of trade Commercial Revolution – more trade, cities grew, rise of capitalism
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