1. History Generation 0 Charles Babbage (1792-1871) Analytical Engine
purely mechanical
Ada Lovelace – first programmer

2. Generation 1 tubes WW II ’45-’55 Aiken – Harvard
von Neumann – Princeton
Zuse – Germany
Eckert & Mauchley – U Penn

3. Generation 2 transistor ’55-’65 mainframes, punched cards, operators
batch systems
cards  1401  tape  7094  tape  1401  printer

4. Generation 3 ICs ’65 – ’80 System/360 “family” of systems
Multiprogramming – multiple programs in memory at the same time sharing the CPU
SPOOL – simultaneous peripheral operation online
Timesharing – variant of multiprogramming for terminal and batch jobs

5. Gen 3 cont’d
MULTICS
Computer utility idea (kind of like internet servers)
More ambitious than hardware could support
MULTICS + PDP7 + Ken Thompson = Unix
Unix variants:
System V
BSD
IEEE POSIX
Now Linux from Linus Torvalds

6. Gen 4 – 1980 to present VLSI 8080 CP/M also Z80 Apple I and II
MS-DOS (from Seattle Comp. Prod.)
Apple Lisa (Xerox Star)
Apple Mac
Windows 3.1, 95, 98, NT (designed by David Cutler from DEC VAX/VMS), 2000, XP
XWindows on Unix and Linux