1. Think About It
Compare and contrast Jeffersonian democracy and Jacksonian democracy.
To what extent was the Election of 1824 a turning point in American political culture?

2. Age of Jackson
Unit 4A
AP U.S. History

3. You never start with the best story…
He told his friends that he purposed washing his hands utterly of public life and political affairs; that he had now been to all intents and purposes a public servant from the age of thirteen to that of threescore and ten … that he had lived his whole life in plain sight of the public and the people, hiding nothing, simulating nothing, confessing nothing, extenuating nothing and regretting nothing — except that he could never get a chance to shoot Clay or hang Calhoun. Calhoun was his VP from

4. Champion of the “Common Man”?
Essential Question:
Champion of the “Common Man”?
“King” Andrew? OR

5. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

6. Voter Turnout:

7. Jacksonian Democracy The “Common Man” Universal male suffrage
First Populist President???
Strict constructionism
Laissez-faire economics
Gov’t: “Allow to be”- Hands off
Democratization of nominations for elected office
Party caucuses to national conventions
Increase in local and state elected offices
Rise of third parties
Spoils system: Incoming party gave supporters administration Jobs
Time Period
Manifest Destiny
Industrial Revolution
Market Revolution
Transportation Revolution
“County Election” George Caleb Bingham, 1852

8. Election of 1824 Democratic-Republicans fracturing
Election of 1824 has four candidates
Sec. of State John Quincy Adams (MA)
General/Senator Andrew Jackson (TN)
Sec. of the Treasury William Crawford (GA)
Speaker of the House Henry Clay (KY)

9. After the votes were counted no candidate had received a majority of the Presidential Electoral votes
Constitution puts the election to the House of Representatives.
Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, however, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates,
Henry Clay becomes the odd man out
To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson.
It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State.
Jackson's supporters denounced this as a "corrupt bargain.
Impact
Establishment of Democrats and National Republicans
Second Party System
“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824

10. House Vote for Election of 1824
Kentucky Popular Vote
Clay 72.7%
Jackson 27.3%
Adams 0.0%

11. John Quincy Adams (NR) (1825-1829)
Son of Federalist John Adams
National Republican
Corrupt Bargain
Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congress
Alienated the South and West
Tariff of 1828
Tariff of Abominations
(See Next Slide)

12. Tariff of Abominations
Industries in the northern United States were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods; the major goal of the tariff was to protect these industries by taxing those goods.
Labeled the Tariff of Abominations by Southern economy.
It set a 62% tax on 92% of all imported goods.
The South, however, was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods they did not produce, and indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the U.S. made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.
The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, would lead to the Nullification Crisis.
Tariff of Abominations

13. Opposition to John Quincy Adams
Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.
Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds.
Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.
A national university.
An astronomical observatory.
A naval academy.
Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a mighty nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

14. Second Party System (1828-1854)
Democrats:
States’ rights
Limited government
Laissez-faire
Expansionism
Pro-slavery
Equal opportunity
South and West
Yeoman farmers, working class, southern planters, immigrants
Anti-Masonic Party:
issue party concerned about Freemasons
promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism
Liberty Party:
abolitionist party
Free Soil Party:
Prevent expansion of slavery
Andrew Jackson
National Republicans/Whigs:
American System
Strong federal government
Mixed on slavery
Social conservatives
New England
Upper and middle class professionals, evangelical Protestants
Characteristics
Two-party politics expanded to all regions
Region-specific issues
Close elections increased voter turnout
Party conventions increasingly replace party caucuses
Henry Clay

15. Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson (D) John Q. Adams (NR)
Political campaigns on national levels
Coffin Handbills
Jackson’s wife

16. “Old Hickory” The Common Man Spoils System A Strong Executive
Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Smoker, Tobacco Chewer
War Hero (& Indian Killer)
Battle of Horshoe Bend (1814)
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
First Seminole War/Florida (1818)
Spoils System
Hired loyalists and friends
A Strong Executive
Mandate from the people
“It was settled by the Constitution, the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire executive power is vested in the President of the United States.”
Endorsed states’ rights
Considered himself a Jeffersonian Democrat

17. Andrew Jackson (D) (1829-1837) Veto Power Peggy Eaton Affair
Maysville Road (1830)
Peggy Eaton Affair
“Kitchen Cabinet”
Private group of trusted advisors
Major Issues
Native Removal
Nullification Crisis
Bank of the United States

18. Jackson and Native Removal
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Negotiate with Native tribes for removal west to lands west of the Mississippi
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Determined Native tribes not to be “foreign states” but as “domestic dependent nations”
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Determined sovereignty of Native tribes therefore not subject to state laws
Apocryphal: “John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” - Andrew Jackson
Trail of Tears
Many died from exposure, disease, starvation
60,000 removed; 15,000 died
Second Seminole War ( )
Dade Massacre (1835)

19. Jackson and the Nullification Crisis
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)
State could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessary
Webster-Hayne Debates (1830)
Robert Hayne (SC)
Daniel Webster (MA): “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”
Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)
Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.”
John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”
Tariff of 1832
South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification (1832)
Force Bill (1833):  designed to compel the state of South Carolina's compliance with federal tariffs
Tariff of 1833

20. Seduced as you have been, my fellow countrymen by the delusion theories and misrepresentation of ambitious, deluded & designing men, I call upon you in the language of truth, and with the feelings of a Father to retrace your steps. As you value liberty and the blessings of peace blot out from the page of your history a record so fatal to their security as this ordinance will become if it be obeyed. Rally again under the banners of the union whose obligations you in common with all your countrymen have, with an appeal to heaven, sworn to support, and which must be indissoluble as long as we are capable of enjoying freedom. Recollect that the first act of resistance to the laws which have been denounced as void by those who abuse your confidence and falsify your hopes is Treason, and subjects you to all the pains and penalties that are provided for the highest offence against your country. Can (you)...consent to become Traitors? Forbid it Heaven
~Andrew Jackson to South Carolina

21. Election of 1832 Andrew Jackson (D) Henry Clay (NR)
William Wirt (Anti-Masonic)
All candidates elected by national party convention
Bank of the United States was central issue

22. Jackson and the Bank War
Nicholas Biddle
Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster
Andrew Jackson
“You are a den of vipers and thieves. I have determined to rout you out, and by the Eternal, I will rout you out!”
“The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me, but I will kill it.”
Death of the National Bank
Jackson vetoed the charter
Transferred funds to state banks aka “pet banks”

23. The Bank of the United States Should Be Abolished; The Bank of the United States Should Not Be Abolished
Andrew Jackson – “Veto of the Bank Renewal Bill” (1832)
Daniel Webster – “U.S. Senate Speech to Override Jackson’s Veto” (1832)
There is nothing in [the Bank’s] legitimate functions which makes it necessary or proper…and the powers conferred upon its agent not only unecessary, but dangerous to the Government and country... It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Distinctions in society will always exist under every just government. Equality of talents, of education, or of wealth can not be produced by human institutions. In the full enjoyment of the gifts of Heaven and the fruits of superior industry, economy, and virtue, every man is equally entitled to protection by law; but when the laws undertake to add to these natural and just advantages artificial distinctions, to grant titles, gratuities, and exclusive privileges, to make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society – the farmers, mechanics, and laborers – who have neither the time nor the means of securing like favors to themselves, have a right to complain of the injustice of their Government. There are no necessary evils in government. Its evils exist only in its abuses… Nor is our Government to be maintained or our Union preserved by invasions of the rights and powers of the several States...Its true strength consists in leaving individuals and States as much as possible to themselves...not in binding the States more closely to the center, but leaving each to move unobstructed in its proper orbit.
A majority of the people are satisfied with the bank as it is, and desirous that it should be continued. They wished no change… The bill was not passed for the purpose of benefitting the present stockholders...but to promote great public interests, for great public objects...If a bank charter is not to be granted, because, to some extent, it may be profitable to the stockholders, no charter can be granted. The objection lies against all banks... Sir, the object aimed at by such institutions is to connect the public safety and convenience with private interests. It has been found by experience, that banks are safest under private management, and that government banks are among the most dangerous of all inventions. Now, Sir, the whole drift of the message is to reverse the settled judgment of all the civilized world, and to set up government banks, independent of private interest or private control. For this purpose the message labors to create jealousies and prejudices, on the ground of the alleged benefit which that individuals will derive from the renewal of this charter. Much less effort is made to show that government, or the public, will bei njured by the bill, than that individuals will profit by it... [The veto] presents the chief magistrate of the Union in the attitude of arguing away the powers of that government over which he has been chosen to preside...It appeals to every prejudice which may betray men into a mistaken view of their own interests...It manifestly seeks to inflame the poor against the rich; it wantonly attacks whole clases of people, for the purpose of turning agianst them the prejudices and the resenetments of other classes.

24. Election of 1836 Martin van Buren (D) Whig Candidates Jackson’s VP
William Henry Harrison (OH)
Hugh White (TN)
Daniel Webster (MA)
Willie Mangum (NC)

25. Panic of 1837 National debt paid off in 1835 Specie Circular (1836)
Instituted by Jackson
Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver
curb excessive land speculation and slow the growth of paper money
Panic of 1837
Land speculation and crop failures
Hard currency led to devalue of paper money and inflation
Denial of Bank charter
States overextended in infrastructure projects
Banks closed; unemployment increased; depression for next five years