1. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

2. Families and Parents Chapter 2

3. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms family adoption adoptive families foster family guardians nuclear family single-parent family stepfamily extended family family functions values gender role family life cycle socioeconomic status lifestyle technology

4. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Parenting Occurs in a Family Family is defined in many different ways A person’s family of origin includes the family members with whom he or she lived during childhood

5. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion What is your definition of family?

6. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Explain ways that families may be formed.

7. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Families Are Formed Families are formed –by marriage –by birth –by adoption –through foster families –through families with guardians

8. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. By Marriage When a man and a woman marry, they create a new family If one or both spouses have children from previous relationships, the family includes the couple and their children

9. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. By Birth Every baby has biological parents or birthparents, a man and a woman who gave him or her life

10. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. By Adoption People choose to adopt for various reasons: –If the couple is unable to have biological children –If one spouse has a hereditary condition that may affect the future of any biological children –To start an adoptive family and offer loving homes to children who need them

11. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Through Foster Families Foster care is temporary care provided for a child Foster parents are adults who volunteer and are trained to provide a temporary home for a child who needs one

12. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. With Guardians Unlike foster parents, guardians provide a permanent home for children These arrangements are legally approved While guardians have some custodial and parenting responsibilities, they have to follow the decisions made by birthparents as stated in court –For example, the use of monies

13. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion All family members do not necessarily share a common genetic background. What do they share?

14. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Describe the five family structures and the unique characteristics of each.

15. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Families Are Structured A family’s structure tells –how it is organized –how many people are in the household –how they are related continued

16. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Families Are Structured Five common family structures in the U.S. –Nuclear families –Single-parent families –Stepfamilies –Extended families –Couples without children

17. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Nuclear Families The nuclear family is less common today than it was years ago

18. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Single-Parent Families Single-parent families are the fastest growing parenting structure in the U.S.

19. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Stepfamilies As with single-parent families, stepfamilies are growing in number

20. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Extended Families The extended family structure is more common in countries other than the U.S.

21. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Couples Without Children Couples without children are a family

22. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion Is there a family structure that is ideal? Why is this your opinion? The single-parent family is the fastest growing family structure in the U.S. Why do you think this is?

23. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective List the functions of the family.

24. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Families Function Although families may differ in the way they are formed and in their structure, they perform the same basic family functions –Procreation –Economic support –Emotional growth and well-being –Socialization/education –Assignment of social roles

25. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Similar, Yet Different Parents and children may have different values and customs according to their ethnic or religious backgrounds Children may develop social roles, such as their gender role, based on what they have been taught by their parents, guardians, and the society in which they live

26. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion What are some skills or values you have learned from your family? –Are these different from those of families in previous generations? –How are they different from the skills and values of your friends’ families?

27. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Describe the stages of the family life cycle.

28. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Families Develop in Stages Developmental changes occur in what some experts call the family life cycle continued

29. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Families Develop in Stages As children are born, the family expands As children leave home, the family contracts Some experts do not view family life as a cycle; some believe families go through a linear or straight-line arrangement

30. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Children Develop in Stages Competent parents adapt their parenting to meet a child’s current stage of development By using the “best fit” parenting goals and methods for each stage, parenting is made easier and more rewarding

31. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion Which family structures might not fit the concept of the family life cycle? Would the family life career, or linear, arrangement be a better fit for these families? –If so, why? –If not, how would you diagram the development and stages of family life?

32. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Identify six parenting stages.

33. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Parenting Happens in Stages According to Ellen Galinsky, parents go through six parenting stages

34. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Galinsky’s Parenting Stages Parental tasks based on child’s age: continued

35. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Galinsky’s Parenting Stages Parental tasks based on child’s age:

36. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion How do Galinsky’s stages of parenting correlate with each of the stages of the family life cycle?

37. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Explain how the family operates as a social system.

38. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Families Operate as a System A system is an interacting group of parts that form a unified whole Families are social systems that work together to make decisions and set and achieve family goals In order to understand parenting, you must look beyond the parent-child relationship

39. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Parenting Goes Two Ways Parenting is a two-way process that involves a give-and-take influence between parents and child

40. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Patterns of Behavior Evolve Healthy behavior patterns help families maintain balance in the family system

41. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Family Systems Have Boundaries Family boundaries are limits that control the degree of closeness between members; families that have –closed boundaries value emotional closeness, togetherness, and a sense of belonging to the family –open boundaries value independence more than a sense of belonging

42. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Events Can Challenge Family Systems Challenges within the family include severe illness, disability of a family member, or divorce of the parents Challenges from outside the family include job loss or a natural disaster that threatens the family’s home and belongings Flexible families can often work through the challenges and restore stability

43. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion Behavior patterns in family systems are often difficult to change. Why do you think this is? Think of one negative behavior pattern in your family system. What could you do to help change this to a positive one?

44. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Describe how other factors affect parents’ goals and interactions with their children.

45. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Factors That Impact Parenting Cultural background Socioeconomic status Lifestyle Early relationships Community Media Technology

46. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cultural Background Cultural differences in parenting may be seen in –goals of parents –communication during childhood –parent discipline style –consequences of misbehavior –parents helping children as adults –adult child’s relationships with parents

47. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Socioeconomic Status Social and economic factors that impact a family’s socioeconomic status include –occupation –education –level of income A family’s socioeconomic status can influence their parenting practices

48. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Lifestyle Families often deal with lifestyles factors, such as –location (where a family lives) –work life (parents’ jobs or careers) –leisure time (how a family spends time together) Children’s lives, attitudes, beliefs, and values are shaped by the lifestyle of their family of origin

49. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Early Relationships Childhood family experiences provide the mental blueprint for parenting the next generation –Parents who were close to their own parents tend to be emotionally supportive of their own children –Parents who carry conflict into their parenting role often think negatively about their children’s behavior

50. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Community Community concerns and resources influence families Each community differs in the amount of resources available to meet citizens’ needs Each community passes regulations and laws that reflect the needs of its members A family’s level of involvement with its community may also make a difference

51. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Media The media can influence families in positive and negative ways Families use the media for information, learning, and entertainment Dangers exist when parents do not monitor their children’s exposure to media Another danger is overexposure to media

52. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technology Examples of technologies that may benefit families include –home technology –computer technology –health technology Drawbacks include cost and families becoming dependent on technology

53. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. In Your Opinion What are some of the positive and negative influences of the media and technology on families? What can parents do to make the most of the positive influences and eliminate negative influences for their children?

54. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Summarize the effects of parenting practices for children, parents, and society.

55. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Connecting Parents, Children, and Society Parents, children, and society all have critical, interacting roles in the parenting process

56. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Families, Parents, and Society Work Together to Raise Children It takes a village to raise a child. ~ African Proverb