1. Chapter 19
Listen to 20th Century Art Music

2. Post Tonal Music Chromaticism Atonality Emperor's New Clothes
Choose carefully

3. Post Tonal Music Atonality Impressionism Serialism Indeterminancy
Minimalism

4. Indeterminancy Challenges definition of music The element of chance
Instructions, limited notation
Music “undermined”

5. Indeterminancy 4’33” What is music? John Cage Pianist
Arnold Schoenberg, Henry Cowell
Percussion ensemble
Prepared piano
Silence? Music?

6. Impressionism Painting Impressions not precision
Claude Monet (1840–1926)
Edgar Degas (1834–1917)
Auguste Renoir (1841–1919)

7. Impressionism Music Erik Satie (1866-1925) Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)
Reaction against German chromaticism
Erik Satie ( )
Maurice Ravel ( )
Claude Debussy ( )

8. Impressionism Claude Debussy Paris Conservatory Prix de Rome
Non-traditional harmony
Despised everything German

9. Impressionism Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Premier 1894
Ballet 1912
Program music (poem as inspiration)
Faun waking, chasing nymphs, retiring
Atonal
Composition stands without program

10. Impressionism
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
Repetition
Form: A B A
Clear orchestration
The orchestration calls for:     3 Flutes     2 Oboes     2 Clarinets     4 Horns     2 Harps     Violin I & II     Violas     Cellos     Contrabasses

11. Impressionism Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Section A Section B
A A B C
Section B
D D D E
A A A A
Score

12. Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Basically self taught
Emancipation of dissonance
Break music away from tonality (Atonality)
Book of Hanging Gardens
Pierrot Lunaire
Following WWI – developed serialism
Jewish – WWII left Berlin
Academy of Arts
United States
University of California Los Angeles
University of Southern California
Video on 12 Tone Rows

13. Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Second Viennese School
Arnold Schoenberg (leader-teacher)
Alban Berg ( )
Traditional genres
Use serialism selectively as it suited him
Anton Webern ( )
All compositions short and intense
Loyal to principles of serialism
Video on 12 Tone Rows

14. Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Not often performed
Most influential composer of 20th century
Pierre Boulez (b.1925)
Total Serialism
Serializing
Dynamics
Rhythm
Instrumentation
Video on 12 Tone Rows

15. 12 Tone Row (Serialism) Each chromatic pitch must be used Any rhythm
Melodically
Harmonically
Combination
Video on 12 Tone Rows

16. 12 Tone Row (Serialism) Prime Row Retrograde Row Inversion Row
Video on 12 Tone Rows
Retrograde-Inversion Row
Transposition

17. Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31
Harmony: 12 Tone
Meter: Arhythmic
Orchestration
Video on 12 Tone Rows

18. Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Theme
Video on 12 Tone Rows
1:31 in recording

19. Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Variation III
Prime row
French Horn
Retrograde Inversion
Transposed ^5 pitches
Retrograde
Inversion Row
Transposed up 9 chromatic pitches
Trumpet
Video on 12 Tone Rows
5:44 in recording

20. Minimalism Minimal ideas in repetition Reaction against:
Indeterminancy
Serialism
Avant-garde
The counter-culture of the 1960’s
Pop music
Non-Western music
Video on 12 Tone Rows

21. John Adams (b. 1947) Harvard San Francisco Conservatory
Composer in residence:
San Francisco Symphony Orchestra
Nixon in China
The Death of Klingerhoffer
Video on 12 Tone Rows

22. Short Ride in a Fast Machine
“You know how it is when someone asks you to ride in a terrific sports car, and then you wish you hadn’t.”
Form: Ternary
A B A
Orchestration calls for: 2 Flutes (piccolo) 2 Oboes (English horn) 4 Clarinets 3 Bassoons (contrabassoon) 4 Horns 4 Trumpets 3 Trombones Tuba Strings Percussion: Timpani, Woodblock, Triangle, Xylophone, Crotales, Glockenspiel, Suspended Cymbal, Sizzle Cymbal, Snare Drum, Pedal Bass Drum, Large Bass Drum, Large Gong, Tambourine 2 Synthesizers
Video on 12 Tone Rows

23. Short Ride in a Fast Machine
A: Steady Woodblock
Woodwinds “Spinning Wheels”
B: Hemiola
A: “Spinning Wheels”
Long melody on top
Video on 12 Tone Rows

24. Modern Techniques
Avant-garde Impressionism Serialism Indeterminancy Minimalism
Video on 12 Tone Rows