1. Introduction and History of Anatomy/Levels of Organization

2. Definitions Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”
Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically
Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

3. History of Anatomy
Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.
First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC
Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

4. Hippocrates
Greek physician who studied anatomy, and speculated physiology
“Father of Anatomy”
Much of his work remains today
Hippocratic oath taken by doctors at graduation

5. Hippocrates’ Beliefs Sickness was not a divine punishment
Medicine should be ethical (Hippocratic oath)
Patient confidentiality

6. Galen 2nd Century AD Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers
Also performed vivisection on animals

7. Medicine during Medieval Times
When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.
Desecration of the body was taboo
Cadavers were no longer used

8. 16th Century Contributions
Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers
Discovered the physiology of circulatory system

9. 17th and 18th centuries Few dissections were allowed
Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them
Tickets were sold to others wishing to see and draw the dissected bodies.
Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

10. 19th Century Began studying developmental anatomy
England became the center of anatomical research
Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses
Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)

11. Modern Anatomy
Use of new technology provided further understanding of both structure and function of organs and organ systems
CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI

12. Future of Anatomy
Health related studies are now centered around molecular biology
Looking for genetic and molecular indicators of disease
New assays conducted more in vitro vs. in vivo

13. Levels of Organization

14. Starting with the largest
Organism (in this case humans)
Collection of organ systems which function together

15. Organ system Organs which work together to perform a certain function
I.E. Cardiovascular system

16. Organ Collection of tissues that work together to form an organ system
ie. Heart, blood, vein, capillary, etc.

17. Tissue Cells which work together to form an organ
I.E. Cardiac muscle tissue, elastic tissue surrounding veins and arteries

18. Cell
Work together to form a tissue
IE. RBC, WBC, cardiac muscle cell

19. Molecule Work collectively to form a cell
IE. Protein, carbohydrate, lipid

20. Atom
Most basic that anything can be broken down into and still exhibit characteristics of itself
Ie. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon