1. Adverbial Clauses and Phrases

2. We’ll discuss two type of clauses.

3. Independent

4. Independent She came to the U.S.

5. Dependent (Adverb Clause)

6. Dependent (adverb clause) so that she could be with her relatives.

7. Independent and dependent She came to the U. S
Independent and dependent She came to the U.S. so that she could be with her relatives.

8. Independent and dependent So that she could be with her relatives, she came to the U.S.

9. Independent / Dependent
She came to the U.S. So that she could be with her relatives. If she saves enough money, she will visit her first country. She came to Canada before she came to the U.S. Because of war, many Bosnians came to the U.S. Even though she didn’t know English, she came to Canada.

10. Independent / Dependent
She came to the U.S. So that she could be with her relatives. If she saves enough money, she will visit her first country. She came to Canada before she came to the U.S. Because of war, many Bosnians came to the U.S. Even though she didn’t know English, she came to Canada.

11. Independent / Dependent
She came to the U.S. So that she could be with her relatives. If she saves enough money, she will visit her first country. She came to Canada before she came to the U.S. Because of war, many Bosnians came to the U.S. Even though she didn’t know English, she came to Canada.

12. 5 Types of Adverbial Clauses
Time
Reason
Purpose
Contrast
Conditions

13. 5 Types of Adverbial Clauses
Time (before)
Reason (because)
Purpose (so that)
Contrast (even though)
Conditions (if)

14. Types of Adverbial Clauses
Time Clauses (She went to Canada before she came to the U.S.
Reason Clause ( She went to Canada first because she couldn’t get a visa for the U.S.
Purpose Clause (She came to the U.S. so that she could be with her relatives

15. Types of Adverbial Clauses Cont.
Contrast Clause (She came to the U.S. even though she didn’t know English.
Condition Clause (She will go back to her country if she saves enough money.

16. Language note
An adverbial clause is dependent on the main clause and MUST be attached.
Wrong: She came to America. Because she wanted to study.
Right: She came to America because she wanted to study.
The dependent clause can come before or after the independent clause.
If it comes before, it is usually separated by a comma.
Even though I’m not tired, I think I’ll take a break.

17. Reasons and purposes Many Irish came to the U.S. because of hunger.
Since you are late, you will need a pass. (similar to because)
In order to make money, my family came to the U.S.
Some people came to the U.S. for freedom.

18. Reasons and purposes (cont.)
Many people come to the U.S. so that they can be reunited with family. (present tense)
So that I would learn English, I came to Canada. (past tense)

19. Time Expressions When “at that time” “immediately after that time”
Whenever “any time” or “every time”
Until “up to that time”
Since/ ever since from that time in the past to the present”
For the amount of time

20. Time Expressions Cont.
During use with day, night, month, summer or a specific time period.
While / as with a continuous action
Notes:
For is an amount of time, but during is with a named time period.
When: used with a sample past action
While: used with a continuous action (ing)

21. To Show Contrast
For an unexpected result or contrast of ideas, use a clause beginning with:
Even though
Although
In spite of the fact that
Try using each of these phrases in a sentence with a partner.

22. Note on in spite of Use in spite of + noun phrase to show contrast.
A clause does not follow in spite of
Ex: In spite of their hard lives, the lost Boys are hopeful about their futures.

23. Still and Anyway
Still and anyway can be used in the main clause to emphasize the contrast.
Ex: Even though the Lost Boys are happy in the U.S., they still miss their families.
Ex: Even thought it’s hard for an immigrant to work and go to school, they have to do it anyway.

24. Scored Review Use the following phrases in sentences.
Write on a piece of paper and hand in
While (ing verb)
Whenever
Ever since
Until
Even though. . .still
Although. . .anyway
In spite of the fact that

25. Transitions (Sentence Connectors)
However, Nevertheless: Show contrast (similar to but)
Ex.: The U.S. is not a perfect country. Nevertheless, many people want to immigrate here.
In addition, Furthermore, Moreover: add more information (similar to and)
Ex: My sister came to the U.S. to earn money. Furthermore, she wanted to be reunited with her family.

26. Transitions Cont.
Therefore, As a result, For this reason: show result or conclusion. (similar to so)
Ex: Many couples in China prefer sons. As a result, the majority of adoptions from China are girls.

27. Punctuation Note
Use either a period or a semicolon (;) before a transition.
A comma is used after the connector.
Ex: My friends couldn’t adopt a baby here. Therefore, they went to another country to adopt.
Ex: My friends couldn’t adopt a baby
here; therefore, they went to another country to adopt.

28. So. . .that/ Such. . .that Such + adjective + noun + that
Ex. The Sudanese Boys had such an awful trip that many of them died along the way.
Ex. We waited such a long time to catch the bus that we missed the concert.

29. So. . .that/Such that continued
So + adjective + that
So + adverb + that
Ex. Foreign adoption is so expensive that many people cannot afford it.
Ex. Small children learn English so easily that the become fluent in a short time.

30. So. . .that/Such that With Countable Nouns
So many + plural count noun + that
So few + plural count noun + that
Ex. There are so many students in the room that we don’t have enough desks for them.
There are so few desks available that many students need to sit on the floor.

31. So. . .that/Such that With uncountable nouns
So much + noncount noun + that
So little + nonount noun + that
Ex.: There was so much poverty in Ireland in the 1800s that Irish people were forced to leave.
Ex: The Sudanese Boys had so little to eat that many of them died.

32. THANK YOU