1. “NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES TO ECONOMISE COST OF PRODUCTION IN DAIRY ANIMALS”
DR BRISHKETU KUMAR,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ANIMAL SCIENCE,
COA, BHARUCH

5. Fate of Feeds in Rumen

6. Which is India’s number one farm crop by value?
Paddy
Wheat
Milk
It shows the importance of “Dairy Sector” in India.

7. Feed is the largest input into commercial milk production.
Commercial dairy farming provides important source of income to farmers and dairy entrepreneurs.
An efficient dairy animal is the result of better breeding, but its productivity depends largely upon the feed and care given to it.
Feed is the largest input into commercial milk production.
Feeding is one of the most important factors affecting the profitability of a dairy enterprise.
(Goswami et al. 2013)
Feed accounts around 60-80% of the variable costs of milk production.
(Patil, 2010)
It has been estimated that India's present milk output could be doubled if dairy animals were only adequately fed.

8. Feed/DM Intake: 2-3% of Body Weight

9. Cost per unit of nutrient Feed cost per 100 pounds of milk
Nutrition Economics Without paying attention to nutrition, cutting the feed bill can reduce profits in the long run Indicators of Nutrition Economics include:
Cost per unit of nutrient
Feed cost per 100 pounds of milk
Income over feed cost
Feed efficiency and
Marginal milk response
Grain cost per ton
Grain cost per cow per day
Feed cost per cow per day
Feed cost as a percentage of milk sales
Partitioned feed costs

10. Classification of Feeds and Fodders

11. FEED/DM (12 kg) SUPPLY OF DM BY DIETARY FEED RESOURCES
FEED/DM REQUIREMENT:
DM Requirement of different animals depends on the body weight of animal and species.
For indigenous cattle: kg/100kg BW
For cross bred cattle and buffalo: kg/100kg BW
FEED/DM (12 kg)
2/3rd Roughage (8 kg) /3rd Concentrates (4 kg)
1/3rd Green fodder (2.6 kg) /3rd Dry fodder (5.4 kg)
50% cereal fodder % leguminous fodder
40% oil cakes % grains % grain by products

12. The roughages are further classified into two major group depending upon their moisture content as:
Green/succulent roughages – They contain about % moisture e.g.. Pastures, cultivated fodders, tree leaves, root crops and silages.
Dry roughages – They contain about % moisture e.g. Hay and Straw.
Roughages
Depending upon nutritive value roughages can be classified into
1) Maintenance type – Containing 3-5 % DCP e.g. Green maize, oat etc.
2) Non-maintenance type – Containing less than 3 % DCP e.g. Straw.
3) Production type – Containing more than 5 % DCP e.g. Berseem, lucerne.

13. Concentrates
These are the feedstuffs which contain less than 18 percent crude fibre and more than 60 percent TDN.
They are less bulky and have higher digestibility and have higher nutritive value than roughages.

14. Feed Supplements
Feed supplements are the compounds used to improve the nutritional value of the basal feeds so as to take care of any deficiency.
Commonly used feed supplements are
1) Vitamin supplements e.g. Rovimix, Vitablend, Arovit etc.
2) Mineral supplements e.g. Minimix, Milkmin, Nutrimilk, Aromin etc.

15. Feed Additives
E.g. Hormones, Antibiotics, Probiotics, Binders, Acidifiers, Antioxidants etc.

16. Tips for Feeding Dairy Cattle
Concentrate must be fed individually according to production requirements.
Feed good quality roughage.
1kg straw can replace 4-5 kg of grass on dry matter basis.
Regularity in feeding should be followed.
Feed high yielding animals three times a day.
Chop long and thick-stemmed fodders before feeding.
For high yielding animals, the optimum concentrate roughage ratio on dry matter basis should be 60:40.
Don’t feed highly moistured and tender grasses alone.
Legume fodders may be mixed with straw or other grasses to prevent the occurrence of bloat and indigestion.
Silage and other feeds, should be fed after milking.
All feeds must be stored properly in well-ventilated and dry places.
Mouldy or otherwise damaged feed should not be fed.
Avoid abrupt change in the feeding schedule.
Can supplement NPN in feeds as a cheaper protein source.

17. NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES TO ECONOMISE THE COST OF PRODUCTION IN DAIRY ANIMALS

18. WHY THE NEED OF NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES TO FEED THE DAIRY ANIMALS?????
ONLY TO MINIMIZE THE COST OF PRODUCTION?
OR ANYTHING ELSE ALSO?
LET’S CHECK THE FACT….

19. Need to feed 500 millions of livestock daily
They are not just cattle and buffaloes but of life of millions of poor people

20. First Strategy is Formulation of
“Least Cost Ration”
It is the ration containing all essential nutrients which are required
to meet requirements of animal (growth, maintenance, production, reproduction, work, etc.) without affecting quality and with least cost.
The main aim to formulate least cost ration is to minimize the cost of ration without affecting the nutrient requirements of cow and productivity.
Advantages:
Incorporation of non-conventional feed stuffs is easy.
The speed and accuracy of the linear programming by computer saves time, labor and fulfills requirements of nutrients.
Even the poor farmer can afford to make the use of it.
Inclusion of feed ingredients with the flexibility of program as per availability and quality is made speedily possible.
Gives more productive efficiency with least cost.
Increases profitability of the dairy farm.

22. Second Strategy is Formulation of “Total Mixed Ration”
Total Mixed Ration - TMR
The term total mixed ration may be defined as, "the practice of weighing and blending all feedstuffs into a complete ration which provides adequate nourishment to meet the needs of dairy cows." Each bite consumed contains the required level of nutrients needed by the cow.
TMR is wholesome and complete feed for the dairy animals. TMR should be given three to four times a day.
Advantages
The dairy farmer has more control over the feeding program.
All forages, grains, protein supplements, minerals and vitamins are thoroughly mixed. Therefore, the cow can do very little sorting for individual ration ingredients.
Completely blended feeds, coupled with grouping the cows, permits greater flexibility in feeding exact amounts of nutrients to more accurately feed cows for their
particular stage of lactation and level of milk yield.
Second Strategy is Formulation of “Total Mixed Ration”

24. Third strategy is Use of “Unconventional Feeds”

25. Unconventional Feedstuffs
Molasses
Neem pods
Tamrind seed
Apple pomace
Bone meal
Tomato pomace

26. Fourth Strategy is to Use “Compound Cattle Feed”
Compound cattle feed is a mixture of various concentrate feed ingredients in suitable proportion. Commonly used ingredients in compound cattle feed include grains, brans, protein meals/cakes, chunnies, agro- industrial by-products, minerals and vitamins.
Compound cattle feed is palatable and good source of nutrients for growing, adult, dry, milk producing and pregnant animals.
Thumb rule to feed Concentrate Feed:
Particulars
Cows (400 kg body wt.)
Buffaloes (500 kg body wt.)
For maintenance
  kg kg
For milk production (per litre)
400 grams
500 grams
For pregnancy
2.0 kg (last two months)
2.0 – 2.5 kg (last two months)

27. “Use of Precision Feeding”
Fifth Strategy is
“Use of Precision Feeding”

28. Sixth Strategy is Use of
“Hydroponics Fodder”

29. Benefits of Hydroponics

32. Use of Pelleted feeds in ration Area specific mineral mixtures
Some Other Strategies to Economize Cost of Production in Dairy Animals are:
Use of Pelleted feeds in ration
Area specific mineral mixtures

33. Feeding of balanced ration

35. feed processing technologies/ Urea Treatment of Straw
USE OF processed feeds
Urea Treatment of Straw

36. use of complete feed block

37. use of urea molasses mineral block
Composition

38. Protein is a major limiting nutrient for current animal production.
Non- protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds can be used to supplement the diets of ruminants across a range of feed strategies.
Feed Grade Urea is a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source for ruminants. Microbes in the rumen metabolize NPN compounds to produce ammonia and use this ammonia for microbial protein synthesis, that will be available for absorption through the gastrointestinal tract.
Feed Grade Urea has a typical value of % equivalent crude protein for ruminants.

39. Feeding of protected/bypass nutrients

40. Feeding of bypass protein

41. Feeding of bypass FAT

42. Feeding of pelleted feeds Are agglomerated feed formed by compacting and forcing through die openings by a mechanical process (AAFCO, 2000).

43. Feeding of area specific mineral mixtures

44. Points for Effective Feed Management and Ways to Cut Dairy Cattle Feeding Costs
Feeding dairy animals on home grown fodder, especially leguminous or a mixture of leguminous and non- leguminous would be most economical as compared to feeding them on crop residues and concentrates.
Feed roughages (hay or hay and silage) twice a day and concentrates or grain mixture at or before milking. Through liberal feeding of greens or silage, the need to feed concentrates can be cut down by 33 per cent.
Long grasses/other fodder/crop residues must be chaffed before feeding to reduce wastage.
The cow must be conditioned adequately before calving so as to the needed body reserve for good milk production. For this it should be kept on a fattening ration for the last two months of the dry period.
In a well managed herd, the dry cow is high in priority for feed as dry cow is considered as pregnant cow.
The cow that is poorly conditioned at calving time hardly likely to respond to additional feed inputs. It is more expensive to fatten cows after calving then it is to fatten them before calving.
For maximizing income, the dairy animals should be fed individually according to their individual milk yield and nutritional requirements, instead of allowing the same ration to each animal in the herd.
Liberal feeding is necessary for continued high milk production and its persistency throughout the lactation.
An abundant supply of clean drinking water must be provided at all times. It is the most essential feed ingredient.

45. Conclusions Get cows off to a good start with a successful dry period.
Optimize feed intake immediately after calving.
Feed bunk management.
Alternative feedstuffs.
Use of Feed additives.
Maintain rumen health/prevent ruminal acidosis.
Avoid anti-nutritional factors.
Feed correct amounts of antioxidants.
Mineral supplementation.
Do the little things.

46. T H A N K Y O U