1. 9. Translation and English as a lingua franca (ELF)
Lingua Inglese 2 LM

2. The three circles
Three concentric circles which describe the spread of english worldwide
- inner circle (english as a native/first language)
- outer circle (english as a second language)
- expanding circle (english as a foreign language)

3. English as a first language English as a second language
inner circle
ENL
outer circle - ESL
English as a foreign language
expanding circle - EFL
Kachru, 1985

4. 1 billion 380 million 300 million inner circle ENL outer circle - ESL
expanding circle - EFL
1 billion
Kachru, 1985

5. ELF covers interaction between the circles
EFL speakers
ELF speakers
ELF speakers
ENL speakers
ELF speakers
ESL speakers

6. 1.
La villa è visitabile tutti i giorni festivi, nei seguenti orari:

7. What’s wrong with the translation?
La villa è visitabile tutti i giorni festivi, nei seguenti orari:
You can visit the villa on Sundays and bank holidays at the following times:

8. What’s wrong with the translation?
La villa è visitabile tutti i giorni festivi, nei seguenti orari:
You can visit the villa on Sundays and bank holidays at the following times:

9. ELF and translation What are the implications of ELF for translators?
Are ELF readers/writers like ELF speakers/listeners?

10. Who reads tourist texts?

11. Global readership Global readership
Any potential visitor to Rome who reads English
What kind of English is most intelligible to them?
What standard should a translator have?

12. What’s wrong with the translation?
Il Lago di Braies … è facilmente raggiungibile grazie ad una comoda strada che collega il lago alla statale pusterese tra Monguelfo e Villabassa.
You can easily reach Lake Braies by a main road linking the lake to the Pusteria Valley A-road between Monguelfo and Villabassa.

13. What’s wrong with the translation?
Il Lago di Braies … è facilmente raggiungibile grazie ad una comoda strada che collega il lago alla statale pusterese tra Monguelfo e Villabassa.
You can easily reach Lake Braies by a main road linking the lake to the Pusteria Valley A-road between Monguelfo and Villabassa.

14. What’s wrong with the translation?
una strada panoramica che consente di godere di fantastici scenari,
a panoramic road which allows to enjoy fantastic sceneries.

15. What’s wrong with the translation?
una strada panoramica che consente di godere di fantastici scenari,
a panoramic road which allows to enjoy fantastic sceneries.

16. What’s wrong with the translation?
una strada panoramica che consente di godere di fantastici scenari,
a panoramic road which allows to enjoy fantastic sceneries.

17. sceneries, panoramic road
BNC – 1 hit
Google – 17 million hits
“PANORAMIC ROAD”
Google – 105,000 hits (Italian tourist websites)

18. Val di Fiemme
When you pass through the villages of the Val di Fiemme along the 35km from Trodena to Moena, you will see, beside country houses and houses typically found in the mountains, many well-preserved Renaissance and Baroque architectures which testify the wealth and privileges of these places in past centuries.

19. “country house”
How do British readers interpret “country house”. What do they think they will see on the road?
How will non-British readers interpret “country house”. What do they think they will see on the road
Is “country house” a good translation here?

20. edifici sacri - houses of worship
two of the most important houses of worship in Verona.
“HOUSES OF WORSHIP”
British reader – unusual; irony?
US reader – fairly common
Catholic reader – non-Catholic?

21. The lingua franca issue
SOURCE TEXT
(Italian local culture intelligible to Italians)
TARGET TEXT
(Translation in English)
NES AUDIENCE NNES AUDIENCE
(GB / US ONLY)
Interpretations and responses may differ

22. Which standard?
What kind of English should the translator of a tourist text be aiming for?
- ELF standard ?
- ENL standard?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each ?
Does an ELF standard require different resources from and ENL standard?