1. Date of download: 1/5/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Use of Virtual, Interactive, Musculoskeletal System (VIMS) in Modeling and Analysis of Shoulder Throwing Activity
J Biomech Eng. 2005;127(3): doi: /
Figure Legend:
(a) The three shoulder joint rotations defined by the two-axes Eulerian angle system during baseball pitching motion. Ant/Pos represents anterior/posterior rotation about the z axis defining the plane of elevation. Elev/Dep represents elevation/depression about the x′ axis. Int/Ext represents internal/external rotation about the z″ axis. (b) The three scapula rotations in reference to a locally fixed coordinate axes to the scapula . “Lat/Med” represents lateral/medial rotation. “Ret/Pro” represents retraction/protraction. “Back/For” represents backward/forward tilt. Phases I, II, III, IV represent the “early cocking,” the “late cocking,” the “acceleration,” and the “follow-through” phases, respectively.