1. 1.2 Hydrocarbons
Naming Alkanes

2. Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic (Arenes) benzene
Alkanes (single bonds)
Alkenes (double bonds)
Alkynes (triple bonds)
benzene
propane
propene
propyne
Saturated
Unsaturated

3. Hydrocarbons Are made of only C & H
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the 
hydrocarbons and are composed entirely of single bonds and are “saturated” with hydrogen. 
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple 
bonds between carbon atoms. Those with double bond are 
called alkenes.Those containing triple bonds are called alkynes.
Cycloalkanes/Cycloalkenes are hydrocarbons containing one or 
more carbon rings.
Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are 
hydrocarbons that have at least one benzene ring.

4. Types of Hydrocarbons
Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons
Unsaturated: Contain 1+ double or triple bonds

5. Types of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains
Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings
Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring

6. Types of Hydrocarbons

7. THE SUFFIX: Type of Bonds Family Suffix Single Alkane -ane Double
Indicates the family
Type of Bonds
Family
Suffix
Single
Alkane
-ane
Double
Alkene
-ene
Triple
Alkyne
-yne

8. THE ROOT: How long is the Main Chain?
Number of C Atoms
Root 1
Methane 2
Ethane 3
Propane 4
Butane 5
Pentane 6
Hexane 7
Heptane 8
Octane 9
Nonane 10
Decane

9. ALKANES ALKENES ALCOHOLS CH4 CH2 =CH2 CH3OH
Homologous series
This is a series of compounds which all contain the same functional group, and have similar chemical properties. 
ALKANES ALKENES ALCOHOLS
CH4 CH2 =CH2 CH3OH
CH3-CH3 CH2 =CH –CH3 CH3CH2OH
Each has a general formula:
ALKANES: CnH2n+2 ALKENES: CnH2n ALKYNES: CnH2n-2
The members of the series differ by the number of CH2 units.
CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Graduation in physical properties:  eg: boiling points.
CH4 (GAS), C8H18 (LIQUID), C30H62 (SOLID)

10. Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain
Determine the appropriate root
Add the suffix “ane”

11. NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Prefix Root Suffix
Indicates the name and location of each branch of functional group
Tells you how many carbons are in the main chain
Indicates the family

12. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain
of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon 1 2 3 4
4 carbon chain = butane

13. Naming Branched Alkanes
Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain
Determine the appropriate root
Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix
Add the suffix “ane”

14. Hydrocarbon Root Names
# of Carbons
Root Name 1
Methyl 2
ethyl 3
propyl 4
butyl 5
pentyl 6
hexyl 7
heptyl 8
octyl 9
nonyl 10
decyl

15. Naming Branched Alkanes
Important Rules:
Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches
If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order
If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc.
Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters

16. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
When alkane groups appear as substituents, they
are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
—CH3 Methyl
—CH2CH3 Ethyl
—CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
—CH2CH2CH2CH3 Butyl
Methyl

17. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The positions of substituent groups are specified
by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms
sequentially, starting at the end closest to the
branching. 1 2 3 4
Methyl

18. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The location and name of each substituent are
followed by the root alkane name. The substituents
are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any
prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to
indicate multiple identical substituents. 1 2 3 4
Name:
2-methylbutane
Methyl

19. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 1
9 carbons = nonane 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9
Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon

20. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.

21. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9 1 9
NOT 9 1
Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching.

22. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane
Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents.

23. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8
Cyclopentane, C5H10
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cycloheptane, C7H14
Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

24. Practice Makes Perfect

25. THE SUFFIX: Type of Bonds Family Suffix Single Alkane -ane Double
Indicates the family
Type of Bonds
Family
Suffix
Single
Alkane
-ane
Double
Alkene
-ene
Triple
Alkyne
-yne

26. THE ROOT: How long is the Main Chain?
Number of C Atoms
Root 1
Meth- 2
Eth- 3
Prop- 4
But- 5
Pent- 6
Hex- 7
Hept- 8
Oct- 9
Non- 10
Dec-

27. butane Example 1 Longest chain has 4 carbons: Root is But
Single bonds main chain (Alkane family) :
Suffix is ane
Name: but + ane
butane 1 2 3 4

28. 2-methylpropane Example 2 Longest Chain has 3 carbons: Root = Prop
Branching chain on carbon # 2
Prefix: 2-methyl
Single Bonds main chain (Alkane): Suffix- ane
2-methylpropane

29. Example 3 Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept
Branching chain on Carbon 3
Prefix: 3-methyl
Single bonds main chain (Alkane) :
Suffix is ane
3-methylheptane

30. 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane
Example 4
Longest chain has 6 Carbons: Root is Hex
Two branching chains:
2 carbons (ethyl) & carbon (methyl)
Single bonds main chain (Alkane)
Suffix: ane
Use lowest numbering for the branching chain and place in alphabetic order
4-ethyl-2-methylhexane
Prefixes

31. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond.
This is the parent chain, determine the root
Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number
Identify the position numbers of branches
Same rules as before
Write the branches in alphabetical order
Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond
Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic
Add the suffix “ene” or “yne”

32. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes

33. THE SUFFIX: Type of Bonds Family Suffix Single Alkane -ane Double
Indicates the family
Type of Bonds
Family
Suffix
Single
Alkane
-ane
Double
Alkene
-ene
Triple
Alkyne
-yne

34. THE ROOT: How long is the Main Chain?
Number of C Atoms
Root 1
Meth- 2
Eth- 3
Prop- 4
But- 5
Pent- 6
Hex- 7
Hept- 8
Oct- 9
Non- 10
Dec-

35. butane Example 1 Longest chain has 4 carbons: Root is But
Single bonds main chain (Alkane family) :
Suffix is ane
Name: but + ane
butane 1 2 3 4

36. 2-methylpropane Example 2 Longest Chain has 3 carbons: Root = Prop
Branching chain on carbon # 2
Prefix: 2-methyl
Single Bonds main chain (Alkane): Suffix- ane
2-methylpropane

37. Example 3 Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept
Branching chain on Carbon 3
Prefix: 3-methyl
Single bonds main chain (Alkane) :
Suffix is ane
3-methylheptane

38. 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane
Example 4
Longest chain has 6 Carbons: Root is Hex
Two branching chains:
2 carbons (ethyl) & carbon (methyl)
Single bonds main chain (Alkane)
Suffix: ane
Use lowest numbering for the branching chain and place in alphabetic order
4-ethyl-2-methylhexane
Prefixes

39. Example 5 Longest chain has 4 carbons: Root name: But
One double bond in main chain (ALKENE)
Suffix: ene
Give the lowest number to the double bond
2- butene

40. Example 6 2-methyl-3-pentene Longest chain has 5 carbons: Root is pent
One double bond in main chain (Alkene)
suffix: -ene
Branching chain (1 carbon) at carbon 2
Prefix is methyl
2-methyl-3-pentene

41. Example 7 2,5-heptadiene Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept1 3 4 7 6 5
Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept
Two double bonds in main chain (Alkene)
Suffix: diene (because there are 2 double bonds)
2,5-heptadiene

42. Example 8 2,5-dimethyl-3-heptene
Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept
One double bond in main chain (Alkene)
suffix: -ene
Two branching chain with one carbon each (at C2 and C5):
Prefix is dimethyl
2,5-dimethyl-3-heptene

43. Example 9 cyclopentane Number of carbons in ring is 5: Root name: pent4 3 2 5 1
Number of carbons in ring is 5: Root name: pent
Single bonds in ring (alkane)
suffix: ane
Ring: cyclo
cyclopentane

44. Priority List
-OH
-NH2
-F, -Cl, -Br, -I
-CH2CH2CH3
-CH2CH3
-CH3 

45. Naming Aromatics Same rules
If benzene is the parent chain “benzene” suffix
If benzene is a branch group “phenyl”

46. Example 10
Number the carbons in the benzene ring. If more than 1 type of branch is attached to the ring, start C1 where there is the most complex substituent.
If only 1 branch is found you do not need to use the suffix -1.