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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton Lecture Presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson Seattle University © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Outcomes 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral girdles, their functions, and their surface features. 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their functions, and their surface features. 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle, their functions, and their surface features. 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their functions, and their surface features. 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related changes in the human skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
Includes 60 percent of bones in the body Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes Bones of limbs Supporting bone girdles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 AXIAL SKELETON 80 Clavicle 2 Pectoral girdles 4 Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Upper limbs 60 Radius 2 Ulna 2 The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of each type or within each category. ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Carpal bones 16 Metacarpals 10 Phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle 2 Hip bone 2 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14
Figure 8–1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2). Femur 2 Lower limbs 60 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsal bones 14 Metatarsals 10 The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of each type or within each category. ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Phalanges 28 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdles Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
Connects each arm to the body Movements position the shoulder joint And provide a basis for arm movement Each girdle consists of One clavicle One scapula Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdles Clavicles (collarbones) S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–2a The Right Clavicle.
Scapula Jugular notch ATLAS: Plates 26a,b a The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–2b The Right Clavicle.
Sternal end Acromial end LATERAL MEDIAL Facet for articulation with acromion ATLAS: Plates 26a,b b Superior view of the right clavicle. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–2c The Right Clavicle.
Sternal end Acromial end MEDIAL LATERAL Conoid tubercle Costal tuberosity Sternal facet ATLAS: Plates 26a,b c Inferior view of the right clavicle. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdles Scapulae (shoulder blades) Broad, flat triangles
Articulate with humerus and clavicle Anterior surface depression is subscapular fossa Three sides of each scapula Superior border Medial border (vertebral border) Lateral border (axillary border) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdles Corners of scapulae Superior angle Inferior angle
Lateral angle Lateral angle supports the glenoid cavity Articulates with humerus To form shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdles Scapular processes Coracoid process
Small and anterior Acromion Large and posterior Articulates with clavicle at acromioclavicular joint Spine Ridge across posterior surface Divides supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–3a The Right Scapula.
Superior angle Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Lateral border ATLAS: Plates 26a,b Inferior angle a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–3b The Right Scapula.
Supraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Acromion Glenoid cavity Spine ATLAS: Plates 26a,b Lateral border Inferior angle b Lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–3c The Right Scapula.
Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa ATLAS: Plates 26a,b Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle c Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Skeleton of upper limbs Consists of bones of the
Arms (arm = shoulder to elbow) Forearms Wrists Hands Humerus The only bone in the arm (brachium) Extends from scapula to elbow © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Pectoral Girdles Humerus Head
Round, proximal portion that articulates with scapula Greater tubercle Rounded projection on lateral surface Forms lateral contour of shoulder Lesser tubercle Anterior, medial projection Tubercles are separated by intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Humerus Anatomical neck Marks extent of joint capsule
Surgical neck Corresponds to metaphysis of growing bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Shaft of humerus Deltoid tuberosity
Large, rough elevation on lateral surface Attaches deltoid muscle Radial groove On posterior surface For radial nerve © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Medial and lateral epicondyles
Distal expansions for muscle attachment Condyle of the humerus Articulates with ulna and radius Trochlea Extends from coronoid fossa to olecranon fossa Capitulum forms lateral surface Radial fossa is superior to capitulum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint (Part 1 of 1).
Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle a Anterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea b Posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Radial fossa Capitulum Trochlea Medial epicondyle Head of radius Coronoid process of ulna ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Radial notch of ulna c Elbow joint, anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Trochlea of humerus Humerus Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Olecranon Head of radius ATLAS: Plates 31; 34a–d Note that for simplicity, an illustration of a single bone throughout this chapter will have labels that do not include the name of the bone. For example, these photographs of a humerus have the label Head rather than Head of the humerus, or Humeral head. In figures where more than one bone is shown, labels will use complete names to avoid confusion. Ulna d Elbow joint, posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Forearm (antebrachium) Consists of two long bones
Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral) Interosseous membrane Fibrous sheet Connects lateral margin of ulna to radius © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Ulna Olecranon is proximal end Point of elbow
Forms superior lip of trochlear notch Trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humerus Coronoid process Forms inferior lip of trochlear notch © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Articulations between ulna and humerus
At limit of extension Olecranon swings into olecranon fossa At limit of flexion Coronoid process projects into coronoid fossa © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Other articulations of ulna Radial notch
Articulates with head of radius To form proximal radio-ulnar joint Head of ulna (ulnar head) Has ulnar styloid process Attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist Articulates with radius to form distal radio-ulnar joint © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Radius Lateral bone of forearm
Disc-shaped head of radius above the neck Radial tuberosity below the neck Attaches biceps brachii Ulnar notch at distal end Articulates with head of ulna Radial styloid process on lateral surface Stabilizes wrist joint © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–5a The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon Proximal radio-ulnar joint Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Radius Interosseous membrane ATLAS: Plates 31; 35f; 36a,b Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process a Posterior view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–5b The Right Radius and Ulna.
Trochlear notch Coronoid process Head of radius Radial notch Neck of radius Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane ATLAS: Plates 31; 35f; 36a,b Distal radio-ulnar joint Head of ulna Radial styloid process b Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–5c The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity ATLAS: Plates 31; 35f; 36a,b Ulna c Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Bones of wrist and hand Eight carpal bones
Four proximal carpal bones Four distal carpal bones Allow wrist to bend and twist © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Proximal carpal bones Scaphoid
Near styloid process of radius Lunate Medial to scaphoid Triquetrum Medial to lunate Pisiform Anterior to triquetrum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Distal carpal bones Trapezium Lateral Trapezoid
Medial to trapezium Capitate Largest Hamate Medial © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Proximal Carpal Bones Proximal Carpal Bones Radius Ulna Ulna Radius Distal Carpal Bones Distal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Scaphoid Lunate Lunate Trapezium Trapezium Triquetrum Triquetrum Trapezoid Trapezoid Capitate Pisiform Capitate Pisiform Hamate Hamate I I V V II III IV Metacarpals IV III II Metacarpals Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Phalanges ATLAS: Plates 38a,b Proximal Proximal Middle Middle Distal Distal a Anterior view b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Upper Limbs Metacarpals The five long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges (finger bones) Pollex (thumb) Has two phalanges (proximal, distal) Each of the other four fingers Has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Proximal Carpal Bones Radius Ulna Distal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Trapezium Triquetrum Trapezoid Pisiform Capitate Hamate I V IV II III Metacarpals Pollex Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx ATLAS: Plates 38a,b Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal a Anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 8–6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Proximal Carpal Bones Ulna Radius Distal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Trapezium Trapezoid Triquetrum Capitate Pisiform Hamate I V II IV III Metacarpals ATLAS: Plates 38a,b Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal b Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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