1. Tradition and Change in East Asia
CHAPTER 26
Tradition and Change in East Asia

2. The Ming Dynasty ( )
Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out
Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r )
Mandarins and Eunuchs
Emperor Yongle (r ) moves capital, naval exploration

3. Ming China,

4. The Great Wall
Origins before 4th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3rd century BCE
Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15th-16th centuries
1,550 miles, feet high
Guard towers
Room for housing soldiers

5. The Great Wall of China

6. Eradicating the Mongol Past
Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress
Support study of Confucian classics
Civil service examinations renewed

7. Ming Decline 16th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade
Navy, government unable to respond effectively
Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in Beijing
Hedonists
Emperor Wanli (r ) abandons imperial activity to eunuchs

8. Ming Collapse Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century
Rebels take Beijing in 1644
Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city
Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynasty
Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty

9. Qing Empire,

10. The Qing Dynasty ( )
Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall
Korea, Mongolia, China
Chinese Support
Manchus culture > Chinese Culture

11. Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) Confucian scholar, poet
Patronized Confucian schools
Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central Asia

12. Qianlong (r. 1736-1795) Vassal States – Vietname, Burma, Napal
Taxes Cancelled 4 times
Arts – Calligraphy, painting, poetry

13. The Scholar-Bureaucrats
Ran government on a day-to-day basis
Graduates from intense civil service examinations
Open only to men
1 million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions

14. Gender Relations Males receive preferential status
Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry
Men control divorce
Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much

15. Footbinding
Perceived beauty
Statement of social status

18. Reuters - Footbinding

19. Population Growth and Economic Development
Only 11% of China arable for Asian food
American food crops Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts

20. Foreign Trade Silk, porcelain, tea Few imports silver from Americas
Wool from Europe

21. Neo-Confucianism
Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi ( CE)
Confucian morality with Buddhist logic

22. Christianity in China Small presence in China
Disappeared with plague and social chaos of 14th century
Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci ( ), attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli - failed

23. Confucianism and Christianity
Approx. 200,000 mid 18th century, about percent of population
Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept
Emperor Kangxi bans Christianity

24. The Unification of Japan
Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries
Emperor a figurehead
Constant civil war
Tokugawa Ieyasu (r ) establishes military government
Bakufu: “tent government”
Establishes Tokugawa dynasty ( )

25. Feudal Society
The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

26. Tokugawa Ieyasu ( )
Appointed shogun by the Emperor.
Marriage restricted to members of the same class!
Brought 300 years of peace and stability.
Centralized feudal government,
Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden.

27. Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”)
Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords
Independent institutions
“alternate attendance”
Controlled marriage
Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations
Travel, import of books forbidden
Policy strictly maintained for 200 years

28. Population Growth in Japan

29. Social Change
End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of Daimyo, Samurai warriors
Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship
Many declined to poverty
Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity

30. "A great peace is at hand. The shôgun rules firmly and with justice at Edo. No more shall we have to live by the sword. I have seen that great profit can be made honorably. I shall brew sake and soy sauce and we shall prosper."
— Mitsui Takatoshi ( ), founder of the Mitsui empire

31. Neo-Confucianism in Japan
Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period
Chinese language essential to curriculum
“Native Learning” also popular in 18th century

32. Floating Worlds (ukiyo)
Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries
Marked contrast to bushido ethic of Stoicism
Kabuki theatre, men playing women’s roles
Bunraku puppet theatre

33. Kabuki Theater

34. Bunraku

35. Christianity in Japan Remarkable success among daimyo
Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans
Anti-Christian campaign restricts Christianity, executes Christians

36. Dutch Learning
Dutch presence at Nagasaki principal route for Japanese understanding of the world
Before ban on foreign books lifted (1720), Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, and art