1. Architecture Fundamentals of Architecture
Heartland Community College Author: Migotsky 101 students

2. Styles of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Columbian
Byzantine
Islamic
Gothic
Cast-Iron
Tibetan
Georgian
Modern

3. Egyptian Architecture
Prior to 3000 BCE (before common era)
Abundant clay and scarce wood led to early development of ceramic art and brickwork

4. Pre-Columbian Architecture
300 BCE – 300 ACE (after common era)
Aztec and Mayan
Mayan culture of Central America developed elaborate monuments, palaces, and pyramids

5. Byzantine Architecture
330 ACE
Byzantine Architecture is based on a legacy of Roman technical achievements
A mixed style, composed of Greco-Roman and Asian elements which, in earlier centuries, cannot be clearly separated

6. Islamic Architecture 7th Century ACE
Islamic Architecture is a synthesis r of styles, with decoration on the surface as the most important factor in every work.
Interlaced lines and brilliant colors characterize the style

7. Gothic Architecture 12th Century ACE
The Gothic Style was the dominant structural and aesthetic mode in Europe for 400 years.
It emphasized the religious mania and the logical formalism that were the essence of the medieval period

8. Cast-Iron Architecture
After 1800’s ACE
Used mainly as an alternative to masonry; with the introduction of wrought-iron beams at mid-century, an efficient, prefabricated method of skeletal construction was possible

9. Tibetan Architecture 15th Century ACE
Tibetan architecture was derived from Indian prototypes and was composed of one or more square bases, a square balcony, a bulbous dome, and a mast upholding umbrellas, surmounted by a finial
Famed for its enormous monastery-cities, which housed thousands of monks.

10. Georgian Architecture
ACE
In the 1st half of 18th century, there was a countercurrent of Baroque architecture
The 2nd half of 18th century encouraged architects in Italy and Greece to draw freely, while incorporating classical elements .

11. Modern Architecture Post World-War I
This styles mainly developed in Western countries after the first world war.
Based on the use of modern materials
Based on the principles of functionalist planning and the rejection of historical ornamentation

12. Four Necessities of Architecture
Technical Requirements
Functional Requirements
Spatial Requirements
Revelatory Requirements

13. Technical Requirements
It is important that the architect know the limits and capabilities of the materials used, so the structure will stand and withstand the test of time and the environment.
Example: Houses in the midwest should be designed with tornado season in mind, & roofs are peaked in preparation for heavy snow

14. Functional Requirements
Architects must be aware of the functional aspects of their creations.
Example:Schools are designed to hold large numbers of people; schoolrooms are usually designed to direct all eyes forward, toward the instructor

15. Spatial Requirements
It is imperative that the architect take spatial surroundings into consideration when creating building plans.
Examples: Zoning laws and safety must be considered; skyscrapers should not be built near airport runways (for safety), and airports should not be built near elementary schools (so children aren’t constantly distracted)

16. Revelatory Requirements
How the architect creates the form for a building to reveal its function.
Examples: Emergency facilities, such as hospitals, should be immediately recognizable. Most stores want to be recognizable to draw business, and many Christian and Orthodox churches are shaped like crosses, with a transept and nave.

17. The Space That Defines Architecture
Earth-Rooted
Sky-Oriented
Earth-Resting
Earth-Dominating

18. Earth-Rooted Architecture
Earth-rooted buildings emphasize the earth and natural surroundings.
An example would be “Falling Water,” by Frank Lloyd Wright (page 153).

19. Sky-Oriented Architecture
Sky-oriented (or sky-reaching) architecture emphasizes the sky as part of its space, rather than as just a backdrop.
Many churches are examples of sky-oriented architecture; the steeples direct the eye “heavenward.”

20. Earth-Resting Architecture
Earth-resting architecture accents neither the earth nor the sky, using the earth merely as a platform with the sky as a background.
Most modern subdivisions are full of earth-resting architecture.

21. Earth-Dominating Architecture
Earth-dominating architecture does not attempt to blend harmoniously with its surroundings, but instead “looms” over the landscape.
Earth-dominating architecture is often meant to portray a feeling of power, or intended to command attention.
Many palaces are earth-dominating architecture.

22. Urban Planning A great deal of thought must go into urban planning
Urban planning must allow for residential, commercial, and industrial zones.
Examples: Housing should not be located next to waste facilities (although this happens); prisons and bars must be located a specific distance from schools and churches.

23. Conclusion There are a wide variety of historical architectural styles
There are four necessities that every architect must take into consideration
There are 4 individual types of architectural orientation
Thoughtful urban planning is crucial to the success and livability of a city

24. The End