1. Transfer analysis of 210Po and 210Pb in the terrestrial environment
222Rn
in air
210Pb
210Po
210Pb
210Po
238U
Bertil R.R. Persson PhD. MDhc
Professor em. of medical radiation physics
Lund University. SE Lund. Sweden

2. Food intake: vegetables milk, meat
Deposition of
210Pb
210Po
222Rn
in air
Other release
218Po
214Pb
214Bi
214Po
210Pb
210Bi
210Po 1
222Rn
226Ra
230Th
234U
234Pa
234Th
238U
Vegetation
Plants, Lichen, moss
Soil / Water 3 2
Animals
Cow, reindeer etc 4 5
Inhalation
Food intake: vegetables milk, meat 6
Human Exposure

3. Atmospheric Deposition of
210Pb and 210Po 1

4. 210Pb Total atmospheric deposition /Bq.m-2.a-1

5. 210Po/ 210Pb Activity Ratio in deposition

6. 210Po Total atmospheric deposition /Bq.m-2.a-1

7. 2 APDS grown in open field APS grown in shelter AS
Atmospheric Deposition AD
210Pb 14060 Bq.m-2.a-1
210Po 70 40 Bq.m-2.a-1
Deposition Transfer factor
”DTF”
APDS
Activity-concentration in plant
grown in open field
(Bq.kg-1 dry weight)
APS
Activity-oncentration in plant
grown in shelter
(Bq.kg-1 dry weight)
Soil Transfer factor
”STF”
Activity-concentration in Soil AS

9. Deposition Transfer factor ”DTF”
DTF = Difference of the activity concentration A in plants grown in open field “APDeposition+Soil” and in tent shelter (“APSoil”)
__________________________________________________
divided by the atmospheric deposition “AD” during the vegetation period (Bq.m-2).

10. Fractional Uptake from Deposition: DTF100 %
Pietrzakflis, Z. and M. Skowronskasmolak (1995). "Transfer of Pb-210 and Po-210 to plants via root-system and above ground interception." Science of the Total Environment 162(2-3):

11. 82±20 % for atmospheric deposited 210Pb and
The fraction of 210Pb firmly incorporated into the plant is about:
82±20 % for atmospheric deposited 210Pb and
60±20 % for 210Pb taken up from soil.
Pietrzakflis, Z. and M. Skowronskasmolak (1995). "Transfer of Pb-210 and Po-210 to plants via root-system and above ground interception." Science of the Total Environment 162(2-3):

12. 210Pb and 210Po
in soil 3

13. Deposition of 210Pb and 210Po
Un-supported
210Pb and 210Po in soil
Supported
Ingrowth of 210Pb and 210Po from radioactive decay of 238U in the ground

14. Soil average activity concentration
60 ± 13 Bq.kg-1

15. Soil average activity concentration 60 ± 13 Bq.kg-1
The distribution of activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po in 28 samples of phosphate fertilizers in Italy {Roselli, 2009 } .
Soil average activity concentration 60 ± 13 Bq.kg-1

16. Distribution and enrichment of 210Po in soil of Kaiga in South India
Data from [N. Karunakara et al. / J. Environ. Radioactivity 51 (2000) 349}362].

17. Undisturbed flat Cultivated Soil reference site
Benmansour, M., L. Mabit, et al. (2013). "Assessment of soil erosion and deposition rates in a Moroccan agricultural field using fallout Cs-137 and Pb-210(ex)."
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 115:

18. Atmospheric Deposition4
210Pb in food chain grass-cattle-milk
Atmospheric Deposition
210Pb 14060 Bq.m-2.a-1
210Po 70 40 Bq.m-2.a-1 t
5-10%
210Pb
Fodder Ca: 1-10 Bq.kg-1 d.w.
Soil
85-90%
210Pb
Intake: 16 kg dw fodder /day = Bq.d-1
Transfer coefficient
IAEA: d.kg-1 fresh w.
This w: d.kg-1 fresh w.
210Pb
Milk Ca: mBq.kg-1

19. 4
210Pb and 210Po
in milk
A few studies have been performed to quantitatively study the transfer of the natural radionuclides 210Pb and 210Po from fodder to milk:
Amaral, E. C. S., et al. (1988). "Transfer of Ra-226 and Pb-210 to forage and milk in a Brazilian high natural radioactivity region." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24(1-4):
Staples, C. R., et al. (1994). " Radionuclides in milk of dairy heifers raised on forages harvested from phosphatic clay soils on reclaimed mined land." Journal of Environmental Quality 23(4):
Strok, M. and B. Smodis (2012). "Transfer of natural radionuclides from hay and silage to cow's milk in the vicinity of a former uranium mine." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 110:

20. Atmospheric Deposition4
210Po in food chain grass-cattle-milk
Atmospheric Deposition
210Pb 14060 Bq.m-2.a-1
210Po 70 40 Bq.m-2.a-1 t
20-30%
210Po
Fodder Ca: 1-10 Bq.kg-1 d.w.
Soil
70-80%
Intake: 16 kg dw fodder /day = Bq.d-1
210Po
Transfer coefficient
IAEA: d.kg-1 fresh w.
This w: d.kg-1 fresh w.
210Po
Milk Ca: mBq.kg-1

21. 210Po and 210Pb in food chain fodder-cattle-milk
The transfer coefficient Fm describes the fraction of the daily intake of radionuclides that is secreted per liter of milk.
The daily radionuclide intake =
Activity concentration of fodder (Bq.kg-1)  Daily Intake of fodder (kg.d-1).

22. The transfer coefficient Fm describes the fraction of the daily intake of radionuclides that is secreted per liter of milk.
The daily radionuclide intake = Activity concentration of fodder (Bq.kg-1)  Daily Intake of fodder (kg.d-1).

23. Activity Concentration ratios (Bq/kg d. m. )/( Bq/kg d. m
Activity Concentration ratios (Bq/kg d.m.)/( Bq/kg d.m.) between milk and different kinds of fodder
Staples, C. R., et al. (1994). Journal of Environmental Quality 23(4):

24. 4
210Pb and 210Po
in meat
A few studies have been performed to quantitatively study the transfer of the natural radionuclides 210Pb and 210Po from fodder to meat:
Howard, B. J., N. A. Beresford, et al. (2009). "Radionuclide transfer to animal products: revised recommended transfer coefficient values." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 100(3):
Howard, B. J., N. A. Beresford, et al. (2009). "Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 100(9):

25. Atmospheric Deposition4
210Po in food chain grass-cattle-meat and beef
Atmospheric Deposition
210Pb 14060 Bq.m-2.a-1
210Po 70 40 Bq.m-2.a-1 t
20-30%
210Po
Fodder Ca: 1-10 Bq.kg-1 d.w.
Soil
70-80%
Intake: 16 kg dw fodder /day = Bq.d-1
210Po
Transfer coefficient
This w: d.kg-1 fresh w.
210Po
Meat Ca: 70 mBq.kg-1

26. Activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po
in meat products Bq.kg-1 fresh weight
Milk
Chicken Giri et. al 2012
Egg

27. The transfer of 210Pb and 210Pb from fodder to meat can be estimated by the activity concentration ratio (ACR) which is the equilibrium ratio between the radionuclide activity concentration in the fresh animal food product (Bq.kg-1 fresh weight) divided by the dry mass radionuclide activity concentration in the feedstuff ingested (Bq.kg-1 dm)
{Howard #615}.

28. The transfer coefficient Fmeat describes the fraction of the daily intake of radionuclides that is accumulated in meat.
The daily radionuclide intake =
Activity concentration of fodder (Bq.kg-1)  Daily Intake of fodder (kg.d-1).

29. 210Po and 210Pb in artic food chains5
210Po and 210Pb in artic food chains
Lichen-reindeer meat
Lichen-Caribou meat

30. 210Po and 210Pb in the food chain lichen-reindeer and man
Lichen reindeer man
210Pb Bq/kg d.w ,030 Bq/kg w.w Bq / kg w.w.
210Po

31. By assuming zero recycling contribution from soil in the top layer to the lichen plant the effective rate-constant for changing of the radioactivity concentration by first order kinetics is 2.1 a-1 and in the deepest soil layer the the effective rate-constant for changing of the radioactivity concentration by first order kinetics is 0.03 a.

32. 5 Polonium-210 Reindeer 210Po 210Po Annual Deposition
210Po 22 Bq.m-2.a-1
Polonium-210
Reindeer t
210Po
Lichen Ca: 242 Bq.kg-1
Intake: 290 Bq.d-1
Transfer coefficient
0.031 d.kg-1 fresh w.
Reindeer meat Ca: 6-8 Bq.kg-1
210Po

33. 210Pb and 210Po activity concentrations in reindeer meet samples collected in various countries. The average activity concentration of 210Pb is 0.6 ±0.2 Bq.kg-1 and for 210Po 6.8 ±1.0 Bq.kg-1
210Pb and 210Po activity concentrations in reindeer meet samples collected in various countries. The average activity concentration of 210Pb is 0.6 ±0.2 Bq.kg-1 and for 210Po 6.8 ±1.0 Bq.kg-1

34. 5 Polonium-210 Caribou 210Po 210Po Annual Deposition
210Po 22 Bq.m-2.a-1
Polonium-210
Caribou t
210Po
Lichen Ca: 242 Bq.kg-1
Intake: 290 Bq.d-1
Transfer coefficient
0.035 d.kg-1 fresh w.
Caribou meat Ca: Bq.kg-1
210Po

35. 210Pb and 210Po activity concentrations in caribou meet samples collected in various countries. The average activity concentration of 210Pb is 1.6 ±0.5 Bq.kg-1 and for 210Po 8.8 ±1.5 Bq.kg-1
210Pb and 210Po activity concentrations in caribou meet samples collected in various countries. The average activity concentration of 210Pb is 1.6 ±0.5 Bq.kg-1 and for 210Po 8.8 ±1.5 Bq.kg-1

36. 210Pb and 210Po activity concentrations in reindeer and caribou meet samples collected in various countries.
In reindeer meat the average activity concentration of 210Pb is 0.6 ±0.2 Bq.kg-1 and for 210Po 6.8 ±1.0 Bq.kg-1
In caribou meat the average activity concentration of 210Pb is 1.6 ±0.5 Bq.kg-1 and for 210Po 8.8 ±1.5 Bq.kg-1
210Pb and 210Po activity concentrations in reindeer and caribou meet samples collected in various countries.
In reindeer meat the average activity concentration of 210Pb is 0.6 ±0.2 Bq.kg-1
and for 210Po ±1.0 Bq.kg-1
In caribou meat the average activity concentration of 210Pb is 1.6 ±0.5 Bq.kg-1
and for 210Po ±1.5 Bq.kg-1

37. 6 210Po and 210Pb in man man 210Pb 0.070 Bq / kg w.w.

40. Lead-210 210Pb 210Pb 210Pb Deposition 670 l.m-2.a-1 210Pb 104 Bq.m-2
Lichen (top layer)
163 Bq.m-2
Lichen (total layer)
540 Bq.m-2
Lichen intake 4 kg.d-1
210Pb 267 Bq.kg-1
210Pb
Fractional
Residence time:
Pb = 0.01d
Pb =0.02 d
Pb =1.6 d
Reindeer-blood 7,5 kg
1.44 Bq.kg-1
Reindeer-meat 28 kg
0.67 Bq.kg-1
Reindeer-bone 8 kg
215 Bq.kg-1
210Pb
Reindeer meat intake
kg.d-1
Fractional
Residence time:
Pb = 1.5 d
Pb =1.2 d
210Pb
Blood Same-women 5 kg
0.041 Bq.kg-1
Blood Same-men 5 kg

41. Polonium-210 210Po 210Po 210Po Deposition 670 l.m-2.a-1
210Po 22 Bq.m-2
Polonium-210
Lichen (top layer)
150 Bq.m-2
Lichen (total layer)
500 Bq.m-2
Lichen intake 4 kg.d-1
210Po 240 Bq.kg-1
210Po
Fractional
Residence time:
Pb = 0.12 d
Pb =0.4 d
Pb =1.1 d
Reindeer-blood 7,5 kg
14.8 Bq.kg-1
Reindeer-meat 28 kg
13.3 Bq.kg-1
Reindeer-bone 8 kg
137 Bq.kg-1
210Po
Reindeer meat intake
kg.d-1
Fractional
Residence time:
Pb = 0.3 d
Pb =0.2 d
210Po
Blood Same-women 5 kg
0.15 Bq.kg-1
Blood Same-men 5 kg
0.26 Bq.kg-1

42. 210Pb
210Po
World average diet:
Annual intake (Bq.a-1) 40 58
Annual DE ( mSv.a-1) 30 70
Vegetarians diet: 15 26 10
Marine Food diet
321
467
222
561
Reindeer Meat diet: 90
1700 60
2000

43. Transfer analysis of 210Po and 210Pb in the terrestrial environment
Interesting and challenging subject to study
There are still may subjects to be studied i detail such as:

44. The End
Thank you for Your attention