1. Chapter 20:
World's Apart:
The Americas
and Oceania

2. States and Empires in Mesoamerica and North America
Societies had limited or no contact with Africa, Asia, Europe
Vikings briefly

3. Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

4. The Toltecs Toltecs migrate from north-west Mexico, settle at Tula
High point of civilization: CE
Urban population of 60,000, another 60,000 in surrounding area
Civilization destroyed by internal strife, nomadic incursions 1175 CE

6. The Mexica (Aztec) One of several groups of migrants, from NW Mexico
Settled c CE in Tenochtitlan (later becomes Mexico City)
Warring state

7. Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

8. Dredged soil from lake bottom to create fertile plots of land
Chinampas, up to 7 crops per year

9. Chinampas

11. Aztec Society Hierarchical social structure High stature for soldiers
Mainly drawn from aristocratic class
Land grants, food privileges

12. Aztec Women Patriarchal structure Emphasis on child-bearing
Especially future soldiers
Mothers of warriors especially lauded
Similar to Spartan women

13. Cultivators and Slaves
Communal groups: calpulli
Originally kin-based
Management of communal lands
Also had to work aristocratic lands
Slave class
Debtors
Children sold into slavery

14. Aztec Religion Influenced by the Olmec Ritual ball game
Solar calendar (365 days) and ritual calendar (260 days)

15. Aztec Human Sacrifice

16. Peoples and Societies of the North
Pueblo and Navajo Societies
American southwest
Maize farming 80% of diet
stone or adobe dwellings, 125 sites discovered
Iroquois Peoples
woodlands east of Mississippi
Mound-building peoples
Ceremonial platforms, homes, burial grounds
Cahokia large mound near St. Louis, CE

17. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Illinois

19. Trade No written documents survive regarding northern cultures
Archaeological evidence indicates widespread trade

20. The Inca Empire From valley of Cuzco
Settlement around Lake Titicaca mid 13th century
Ruler Pachacuti (r ) expands territory
Modern Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina
Population 11.5 million

21. The Inca Empire, CE

22. Quipu and Inca Administration
Incas ruled by war, hostages, colonization
No writing, used system of cords and knots called quipu for records
Inca Quipu

23. The Quipu: An Incan Database

24. Machu Picchu

25. Machu Picchu

26. Incan Terrace Farming

27. Incan Mummies

28. Inca Gold & Silver

29. Inca roads Massive road building system
Two north-south roads, approximately 10,000 miles
Mountain route
Coastal route
Government use only

30. Incan Society and Religion
King
Claimed descent from the sun
Worship of ancestors
Remains preserved in mummified form
Regularly consulted
Sacrifices offered
Paraded on festive occasions

31. Inca Religion Inti sun god Temples as pilgrimage sites
Peasant sacrifices usually food (not humans)
Sin understood as disruption of divine order
Viracocha

32. The Societies of Oceania
Nomadic foragers of Australia
No agriculture
New Guinea
Small-scale farming
Small-scale trade of surplus food, some goods
Pearls, oyster shells, spears, boomerangs

33. Aborigine with Boomerang

34. Cultural and Religious Traditions
Loosely tied to environment
Myths, stories about geological features
Rituals to ensure continuing food supply

35. The Development of Pacific Island Societies
Established in almost all islands in early centuries BCE
Long-distance voyaging on intermittent basis
Voyages preserved in oral traditions

36. The societies of Oceania