1. Recap Talkie Time: Research Experiments

2. Lesson 5: Stating a Research Problem & Hypothesis

3. Competencies
1. States the Research problem (CG)
2. States the Hypothesis (CG)

4. Activity: Mosquito Case: Based on inquiry data analysis from the field, it was found out that the common problem in barangay bask is the constant flooding whereby mosquitos breed that caused high incident rate in malaria and dengue. If you are to write a research title or state the research problem, what will be like? State your position.

5. Q & A: What are things to remember in Stating a Research Problem
Q & A: What are things to remember in Stating a Research Problem? hypothesis?

6. The problem statement sets the direction of the study.
It is the verbalization of the “question” which the study proposes to answer.
This is divided into the main problem and the subsidiary problems.
These can be stated in declarative (infinitive) or interrogative (question) form.
The main problem is the whole focus of the study. This is reflected in the title of the study.
The sub problems are the break down of the main variables into their components. When the answers to the sub-problems are put together, they answer the main question.

7. Techniques to facilitate problem identification:
Visit the library and browse books and other reading materials
Consult your research teacher about the research thrusts of the school
Observe needs and concerns in your workplace, community or school
Search related topics from journals and other scholarly materials
Analyze the possible causes of the present problems or current issues and their possible solutions
Read recommendations from unpublished materials (theses and dissertations)

8. Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a temporary working explanation pertaining to the relationship or difference of variables being investigated. It must be used whenever there is a basis for prediction.
Choosing the type of hypothesis to be used in the study is important because it shows the logical coherences with the theoretical background and statement of the problem.
It also guides the researcher on the choice of respondents or subjects of the study and the statistical treatments to be used.

9. Further, it guides the researcher on the critical value in the rejection or non rejection of the null hypothesis.
Formulation of the hypothesis is based on the statements of the problem (or atleast one of the sub-probems) the paradigm and the variables being investigated. Hypothesis must be stated clearly and in a declarative or interrogative form and the variables are stated in their operational forms.

10. Characteristics of a Research Problem or Objectives (Calmorin and Calmorin, 2014)
The characteristics of a good problem possesses the acronym – SMART. This means that a research problem should be:
Specific. The problem is in simple and specific manner. The variables, locale and subjects of the study are specifically stated.
Measurable. It is easy to measure and quantify by using research instruments in collecting data. Instruments or tools include questionnaire, index, survey form, observation sheet, interview schedule on scale;

11. Achievable. The data are achievable using correct statistical techniques to arrive at precise results;
Realistic. Real results are not manipulated. Findings are observable and comparable to reality; and
Time-bounded. Time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completion of the activity the better. Time table should be developed to guide the researcher on the step by step process of the study.

12. Guidelines in the Selection of a Research Problem or Topic
1. The research problem or topic must be chosen by the researcher himself/herself which is within his/her interest, specialization and competence of the researcher. It must be within the ability of the researcher to finance, otherwise he/she must be able to find funding for his research.

13. 2. It is researchable and manageable, which means that data are available and accessible. The data must meet the standards of accuracy, objectivity, and verifiability. Answers to the specific questions (sub problems) can be found. The hypotheses formulated are testable, that is, they can be accepted or rejected. Equipment and instruments for research are available and can give valid and reliable results.

14. 3. The research can be completed within a reasonable period of time
3. The research can be completed within a reasonable period of time. It is significant, important, and relevant to the present time and situation.
4. The results are practical and implementable and requires original, critical, and reflective thinking. It can be delimited to suit the resources of the researcher but big or large enough to be able to give significant, valid and reliable results and generalizations.

15. 5. The study must contribute to human knowledge particularly on the national development goals for the improvement of the quality of human life. It must show or pave the way for the solution of the problem or problems intended to be solved.
6. It must not undermine the moral and spiritual values and must not advocate any change in the present order of things by means of violence but by peaceful means.

16. 7. There must be a return of some kind to the researcher
7. There must be a return of some kind to the researcher. The return may be: Monetary; advancement of position, promotion; improved specialization, competence, and skill in professional work; enhanced prestige and reputation; and satisfaction of intellectual curiosity and interest, and being able to discover truth.
8. There must be a consideration of the hazards involved, either physical, social, or legal of a person or other living things.

17. Guidelines for Critiquing Research Problems, Research Questions and Hypotheses
In formulating the problem statement, the following criteria should be considered:
The research problem/objective is written in question (problem) form
Example:
What is the weight and height of the mongo seed before the experiment in the following groups:
1.1 Experimental;
1.2 Control negative; and
1.2 Control Positive?

18. 2. The research problem identifies specific variables.
Example:
Effects of Lights to the growth of the Mongo Seed (Psium sativum)
3. The Experimental design should be clear as to what type:
What is the Inhibitory effect of the Talisay leaf extract (Terminalla cattapa) to the species of bacteria
What is the total Coliform Forming Unit counts (CFU/ml) before the application of Talisay leaf extracts to the species of bacteria in the following groups:
1. Experimental Control

19. 4. For engineering project or applied research, the scope of production or input-output should be stated:
Solar Powered Charger for Laptap
What are the materials required to produce the Solar Powered Charger for laptap?
What structural design will be used to produce the Solar Powered charger for laptap?
How functional is the solar powered charger for laptap?   

20. 4. There has to be a test of comparison to measure the difference or effectiveness 
Is there a significant difference between the pre-test and post test scores of the experimental and control groups?

21. The following are the guidelines in the formulation of the research title. These are also the characteristics of the title.
1. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research work. It may be revised and refined later when needed or upon the suggestion of the research committee.
2. The title must contain the subject matter of the study and the variables being measured
3. The title indicates what is expected to be found inside the research report by stating the aspects of the subject matter and variables to be studied.

22. 4. It must be as brief and concise as possible. Maximum of 15 words.
5. Avoid using the terms “An Analysis of,” “A Study of,” “An Investigation of,” and the like. All these things are understood to have been done or to be done when a research is conducted.
6. If the title has more than one line, it must be written like an inverted pyramid and all words should be capitalized.

23. The Larvicidal Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves
Extract on Mortality of Second Instar Stage of Common
House Mosquito (Culex pipiens fatigans)
Statement of the Problem
The main focus of this study is to determine the larvicidal effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves Extract on the Mortality of second instar stage of Common House Mosquito (Culex pipiens fatigans).
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following queries:
1. What is the mean count of mosquito larvae before the treatment on the following groups:
1.1 Control Group (resmethrin brand);
1.2 Negative Control (Distilled water); and
1.3 Experimental Group?

24. 2. What is the mean count of dead mosquito larvae (mortality) after the treatment (24 and 48 hours) in the following groups:
2.1 Positive Control Group;
2.2 Negative Control Group; and
2.2 Experimental Group concentrations: % % % %?
3. Is there a significant difference in the mean count of dead mosquito larvae (mortality) before and after the treatments of the 3 groups in (24 & 48 hours)?
4. Is there a significant difference in the mean count of dead mosquito larvae (mortality) after the treatments in the 3 groups in (24 and 48 hours)?

25. 5. Is there a significant difference in the mean count of dead mosquito larvae (mortality) after the treatments in the different concentrations of the experimental group?

26. ROBOTRASH 2.0: WASTE SEGREGATOR ROBOT
Statement of the Problem 
The engineering research will produce a Robot that segregates trash.
Specifically, it answers the following questions.
What are the materials needed to make the waste segregator robot?
What program design can be utilized to produce the waste segregator robot?
What Testing Procedure can be developed to produce the Robot?
How functional is the Robot in segregating wastes?

27. APPLICATION:
Title: Effectiveness of Water Lily as Bioremediation factor in Polluted water  
Object of the study/variable:
2. Research Subjects:
3. Setting:
4. Design:
5. Ultimate end of the research:

28. STEC AUTO GATE MANEUVER: SENSORY
APPLICATION:
STEC AUTO GATE MANEUVER: SENSORY
PROGRAMMING DESIGN
Object of the study/variable:
2. Research Subjects:
3. Setting:
4. Design:
5. Ultimate end of the research:

29. Statement of the Problem Hypothesis (Optional)
Group Work:
BASED ON YOUR TOPIC PROPOSED PROJECT LAST TIME DEVELOP THE FOLLOWING
Title
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis (Optional)
(powerpoint presentation)