1. 1

2. BASIC AUDIO SYSTEM 2 Pre- Amplifier (Voltage Amp.) Pre- Amplifier (Voltage Amp.) Power Amplifier Mic Speaker

3. Mono System 3

4. BASIC AUDIO SYSTEM (mono) 4 Amplifier Mic Speaker

5. Stereo Amplifier 5 Amplifier MicSpeaker Amplifier Left Channel Right Channel

6. Stereo amplifier becomes Hi-Fi S/N ratio better than 50 db Freq. response should be flat within +/- 1db Non linear distortion not more than 1% System should possess dynamic range atleast 80 db (20db to 100 db) Stereophonic effect should be provided Environmental conditions to eliminate external noise in listening room High fidility can be achieved by using low noise components & proper design of circuits Reflections, reverberations,ambient noise also affect fidility 6

7. Specification or characterstics of Hi-Fi Amplifier Gain Bandwith Impedance Distortion -Frequency -Phase -Amplitude -Self Oscillation 7

8. Hi-Fi Amplifier 8

9. 9

10. Controls in Hi-Fi amplifier Balance control (to match both ch) Blend Control (to dilute stereo effect) Master gain control (overall volume) Loudness control (dominant bass boosting with low boosting at treble, background music) Bass and treble controls Quasi –stereo switch (mono) Mic in, Aux in,Earphone in 10

11. PA system 11

12. 12

13. 13 PA system

14. 14 Tone Controls

15. 15 Tone Controls

16. 16 Tone Controls

17. Special Tone Controls Parametric Equalizer Graphic Equalizer 17

18. Parametric Equalizer 18

19. Parametric Equalizer 19

20. Proportional- or Variable-Q

21. Adjustable Filters Can be quite fancy, e.g. a graphic equalizer Gain of individual frequency channels adjustable for the ultimate listening experience BUT – still has to be adjusted by hand

22. 22 Graphic Equalizer

23. 23 Graphic Equalizer

24. 24

25. Fundamentals of Audio Production Chapter 9 25 Graphic equalizers

26. Graphic Equalizer 26

27. 27 Graphic Equalizer

28. 28 Dolby System

29. 29

30. 30 Dolby System

31. 31 Dolby System

32. 32 Dolby System

33. 33 Dolby System

34. Loudspeakers and Speaker Systems Basic Categories –Woofer: Low frequency, 20-250 htz. –Mid-Range: Middle of audible range, 200- 1,000 htz. –Tweeter: high frequency speakers, 1,000-20,000 htz.

35. How a speaker works

36. Speaker Cabinets Finite Baffle Enclosure –“Cabinet design that absorbs sound wave produced by reward excursion of the speaker cone.” Base-Reflex Enclosure –Designed with a port to channel reflected base through cabinet. Ducted Port Enclosure –Designed with a tube set into a port that is tuned to a specific frequency range.

37. Speaker Systems Cross-Over Network –Electronic system to split and channel the frequency ranges to specific speakers within a system. –Small overlap between ranges to smooth transitions between speakers.

38. 38 Crossover network

39. 39 Crossover network

40. 40 Crossover network

41. 41 Crossover network

42. 42 Crossover network