1. What’s the Matter?
Matter is everything around you. The earth is one big mixture of gases, liquids and solids, all of which are different forms of matter.
Matter is anything that has a mass & volume.
Does air have mass? Does helium have mass?

2. Kinetic Theory of Matter
Kinetic-Relating to motion
The theory explains of how particles in matter behave.
All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules and ions).
These particles are in constant motion.
These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container.

3. 5 States(Phases) of Matter
Plasma
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Bose-Einstein condensate
5 States(Phases) of Matter
As the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state of matter.

4. Bose - Einstein condensates occur at temperatures near absolute zero and are the lowest energy form of matter. The atoms of an element begin to condense and become a blob of atomic particles.
Bose-Einstein condensates ("BECs" for short) aren't like solids, liquids or gases. (You will not be tested on this state of matter)

5. Warning Do Not Talk About Bose-Einstein Condensates Again
Warning Do Not Talk About Bose-Einstein Condensates Again. It Will Adversely Impact Your Grade!
This is the last time you will hear about Bose-Einstein Condensates in this class. You are not required to know about this state of matter and you will not be tested on it!

6. Solids
Solids The molecules are fixed in place but vibrate.
Shape
Volume
Definite

7. Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids
Crystalline: A highly ordered three-dimensional arrangement of particles.
Ex. Salt, Metals, Diamond, Graphite & Sugar
Amorphous Solids
Amorphous: (without form) particles are randomly arranged in three dimensions.
Ex. Obsidian, Glass, Coal, Plastic & rubber

8. Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is the increase in volume of a substance in response to an increase in temperature.
As a substance’s temperature increases, its particles move faster and spread out

9. Thermal Expansion Simile
Suppose you have a lot of people dancing, think how the space increases between dancers as you get a faster song.

10. Thermal Expansion
Have you noticed a pattern of bumps when driving across a bridge?
These are expansion joints that allow the bridge to expand without breaking the bridge.

11. Thermostat

12. Thermometer
A thermometer works because of thermal expansion. The particles of the liquid in the thermometer move faster and spread apart when placed in a warmer location.

13. Liquids
Atoms in liquids are as close together as solids, but the atoms can slip past each other.
Shape
Volume
Shape of Container
Definite

14. Liquids
Liquids have surface tension. The particles hold on to each other, like holding hands with a friend.
Liquids cannot be compressed under common pressures.

15. Viscosity
A property of a fluid that offers resistance to flow. When you push a spoon with a small force through a bowl of water, it moves easily, but with the same force through mashed potatoes the spoon moves very slowly.

17. Viscosity of Substances
Viscosity (Pa s)
Air (at 18 oC)
Water (at 20 oC)
0.001
Canola Oil at room temp.
0.1
Motor Oil at room temp. 1
Corn syrup at room temp. 8
Pahoehoe lava
100 to 1,000
A'a lava
1000 to 10,000
Andesite lava
106 to 107
Rhyolite lava
1011 to 1012

18. Gases
Particles of gas, are spread apart and have too much energy to be
attracted to other particles.
Shape
Volume
Shape of Container
Volume of Container

19. Gases
Gases can be compressed. They conform to the shape of the container in which they are held.

20. Diffusion
If someone is cooking it doesn't take long for the smell to travel around the house to other rooms. This is because of diffusion.
Diffusion in gases
When chemicals, like perfume or burning toast, are let loose in a room, the particles mix with the air particles. The particles of the gas are free to move quickly in all directions. They eventually spread through the whole room.
Diffusion in gases is quick because the particles in a gas move quickly. It happens even faster in hot gases

21. Diffusion of Gases

22. Plasmas
The highest energy form of matter. Ionized form of gas which occurs at extremely high temperatures. The plasma state is not related
to blood plasma.
Shape
Volume
Shape of Container
Volume of Container

23. The plasma state occurs when you heat a gas enough that
electrons can gain sufficient
energy to escape its atom.
This atom is left short of
electrons resulting in an
overall positive charge;
called an ion.
The atom becomes an Ion 3+ and 2- charges
This neutral Atom has 3+ and 3- charges
The electron gains enough energy to escape the atom

24. Plasma
A plasma has a sufficient number of charged particles so that the gas, as a whole, exhibits a response to electric and magnetic fields and conducts electricity.
Plasma is the most common state
of matter in the universe.

25. Plasma Examples

26. What phases and phase changes are present here?

27. Think about this question
During each phase change the temperature stays the same, even though thermal energy is still being added to the substance. So, if the energy is not being used to make the particles move faster (i.e. increase temperature), then what affect does the added thermal energy have?

28. Energy During Phase Change

29. Phase Diagram for CO2 Freezing Melting Vaporization Evaporation
Boiling
Deposition
Condensation
Sublimation

30. Examples of Phase Changes
Melting: Ice becoming Water
Evaporation: A puddle becoming water vapor
Boiling: A pot of water on the stove becoming steam
Condensing: Water droplets forming outside a glass of ice water
Freezing: Water becoming snow
Depositon: Frost
Sublimation: Dry Ice becoming a gas without going through the liquid phase

31. Challenge Questions:
1. How many states of matter are present in a can of soda?
2. How many states of matter make up your body?