1. Macromolecules Building blocks Of life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Building blocks
Of life
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

2. What is organic chemistry?
Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds that contain bonds with carbon atoms.
All living things contain the element carbon.
Carbon has 4 valence (outer) electrons, allowing it to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements.
Carbon bonds with the following elements to form the molecules of life:
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

3. Benzene What’s The big Deal About Carbon?
No other element comes close to matching carbon’s versatility!
These Mighty Atoms:
Can form millions of different large and complex structures.
Easily Bond with elements and each other
Can form chains and rings.
Can form single, double, or triple bonds
Benzene
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

4. AKA Organic molecules or biomolecules
Macromolecules
AKA Organic molecules or biomolecules
Macromolecules are large organic compounds formed from hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules.
Polymerization is the process of joining smaller molecules to create larger molecules.
Small molecules that join together are monomers. (mono means “one”). Monomers are like links in a chain.
When monomers join together they form long polymers. (poly means “many). Polymers are chains of monomers.
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

5. How many different “monomers” make up this necklace?
Polymers
Think of polymers as a beaded necklace. Like the different beads on this necklace, polymers can be made from different monomers.
How many different “monomers” make up this necklace?
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

6. How are macromolecules Built And broken?
Dehydration Synthesis:
Monomers are joined together through covalent bonds to make polymers.
Water is lost (hence “dehydration”) as a byproduct.
Hydrolysis:
Polymers are broken down into monomers.
Water molecules are used to break the bonds between the molecules.
*Both processes require enzymes to speed up the rate of reaction.
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

7. What are the groups of macromolecules?
Macromolecules in living things are grouped based on their chemical compositions.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

8. CARBOHYDRATES! AKA: Sugars and Starches
Usually colorless, water soluble, and crystalized.
Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Atoms (CHO)
Elemental Ratio: 1:2:1
Monomer: Monosaccharaides
Polymer: Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

9. CARBOHYDRATES!
Carbohydrates are classified in groups based on number of different molecules.
Monosaccharaides: 1 molecule
Disaccharides: 2 molecules chemically bonded
Polysaccharides: 3 or more molecules chemically bonded.
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

10. Function of CARBOHYDRATES
1. Readily Available Source of
Short Term Energy.
2. Energy Storage
Glycogen stores energy in animals
-liver and muscle cells
Starch stores energy in plants
3. Structural
Cell Walls in Bacteria and Plants
Exoskeletons of Insects, Arthropods, and Crustaceans.
4. Component of Glycoproteins: Bonds with proteins to make important molecules in the cell membrane.
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

11. Monosaccharide Carbohydrates AKA: Simple Sugars
Form: Simplest form of carbohydrates.
(1 Monomer/Molecule)
Examples:
Glucose (“Blood Sugar” immediately used)
Fructose (In Fruits)
Galactose (Some Dairy, Synthesized in body)
*Hint* “Mono” Means One!
Glucose
Fructose
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

12. Disaccharide Carbohydrates
Form: Two Monosaccharaides chemically combine to produce a new carbohydrate with new properties.
Examples:
Maltose (product of digestion)
Lactose (milk)
Sucrose (table sugar)
*Hint* “Di” Means Two!
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

13. Carbohydrates AKA: Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates
AKA: Complex Carbohydrates
Form: Large molecules of 3 or more
monosaccharaides.
Examples:
Glycogen: Energy storage in animals.
Starch: Energy storage in plants
Cellulose: Builds cell walls for plants and bacteria. Gives plants strength and flexibility.
Chitin: Insects, other arthropods, and crustaceans use chitin in their exoskeletons. Fungi use chitin in their cell walls.
*Hint* “Poly” Means Many!
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

14. Lipids! AKA: Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms (CHO)
Monomer: Fatty Acids & Glycerol
Polymer: Fats, Oils, Waxes
Functions:
Stores Energy in Long Term
Make Up Cell Membranes
Steroids
Examples:
Fats & Oils: Energy Storage
Waxes: Repel Water
Steroids: Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and Cortisol
Phospholipid Cell Membranes: Protect Cell
**Lipids are generally NOT soluble in water.**
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

15. Lipids
Many are formed when a glycerol molecule combines to with fatty acids.
If Carbon-Carbon Bond is:
Single = Saturated
Double = Unsaturated
Many Double = Polyunsaturated.
Saturated Fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
Animal fats are generally saturated fats, while plant and fish fats are generally unsaturated fats.
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

16. Phospholipids Make up cell membranes.
A Phosphate group is substituted for one of the three fatty acids.
Have a polar hydrophilic head and two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
Phospholipids pair up to create a protective phospholipid bilayer.
By bradleyhintz
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

17. Proteins All Amino Acids Contain an Amino Group & Carboxyl Group
The Most Diverse Macromolecule Group
Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Atoms (CHON)
Monomer: Amino Acids
Polymer: Polypeptide
Functions:
Form Cell Structures
Transport Substances In and Out of Cells
Enzymes
Hormones to Regulate Cell Processes
Defense Against Disease (antibodies)
All Amino Acids Contain an Amino Group & Carboxyl Group
Enzymes Control Reaction Rates
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

18. Protein structure and function
Amino acids use covalent bonds to link together to form a polypeptide.
About 20 Amino Acids are found in nature. All have an amino group, carboxyl group, and R group.
The different R Groups give the amino acid its unique properties.
A protein is built from one or more polypeptides.
Protein have 4 Organizational Levels:
Primary: Sequence of Amino Acids
Secondary: Folding of Polypeptide Chain
Tertiary: 3-D Arrangement of Polypeptide Chain
Quaternary: Association of 2 or More Proteins
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

19. Nucleic Acids!
Composed Of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus (CHONPS)
Monomer: Nucleotides – composed of 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base.
Polymer: Nucleic Acids
Functions:
Store and Transmit Hereditary or Genetic Information (DNA & RNA)
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

20. CHONP! Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids that make up DNA and RNA are made of 3 parts:
Monosaccharide: DNA- deoxyribose and RNA- ribose
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil
DNA is a double stranded molecule.
RNA is a single stranded molecule .
Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016