1. Midterm Review
Midterm online office hours TONIGHT 8-9pm via CHAT link on Canvas – see you there

2. Realism Institutionalism Feminist Theory
Focus – what is being explained?
Conflict
Cooperation
Gender/racial conflicts rather than interstate conflict
Actors – who are considered the main actors to watch?
States are primary and act as unitary rational actors
Multiple actors (states, MNCs, NGOs); not always unitary or rational
Gender, racial identity matters as much as national identity
Goals – what are the goals of the main actors?
Survival, security, and hence, power
Econ & social goals as well as security
Individual security and well-being (but state provides only for some)
Means – what means do actors use to achieve their goals?
Military force is usable, effective, and fungible
Asymmetry in interdependence; issue-specific power
Gender/racial identities in service of state; marginalized power in cooperation (vs. force)
Organizing Principles – how is the international system organized?
Anarchy and self-help
Anarchy mitigated by norms, rules, & institutions
Patriarchy, gendered and racial hierarchical structures
Dynamics – what does the process of international relations look like?
Acquisition and balancing of power
Alternation of cooperation & conflict
Reconstruction & maintenance of gendered and racial hierarchies

3. Some “facts”: what are they examples of?
WW1 was preceded by a rise in German power
Soviet Union and US were allies in WW2 but alliance dissolved as soon as war ended
Since 1945, no war among European Union members but war in Yugoslavia and former Soviet Union
States with greater gender equality go to war less often
US invaded Afghanistan without UN authorization
UN sanctions against Iraq hurt poor, women, children
9/11 attacks were committed by non-state actors

4. Some “facts”: what are they examples of?
8,000 men slaughtered in Srebenica while women and children taken to safety in UN buses
Increases in number of Indian and Pakistani nuclear weapons between 1997 and 2015
Decreases in number of US and Russian nuclear weapons between 1997 and 2015
No treaty explicitly outlaws most forms of sexual violence against women
Treaty banning landmines signed because of NGO activism AND it has reduced use of landmines in war

5. Midterm Review
Midterm online office hours TONIGHT 8-9pm via CHAT link on Canvas – see you there

6. Terrorism

7. Which of these is the clearest example of terrorism?
Palestinian bombings in Israel
Slavery
9/11 Attacks
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Irish Republican Army bombings

8. Which of these best distinguishes terrorism from murder or deaths in war?
Who is responsible?
What do they want to achieve?
What tactics are they using?
Who are the targets and who is the audience?

10. Criteria to distinguish “terrorism” from “other human-on-human violence”
Who is responsible?
What do they want to achieve?
What tactics are they using?
Who are the targets and who is the audience?
Do these criteria allow you to distinguish terrorism from military attacks, murder, and other “human-on-human violence?”

11. Examples of human-on-human violence: which are terrorism?
Slavery, and later, the Ku Klux Klan
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Irish Republican Army
Oklahoma City Bombing
Hamas and Intifada fighters
9/11 Attacks
Radical Leftist Anti-war activists
Systematic rape and abuse of women
ELF: Environment Liberation Front and eco-saboteurs
White cops killing African-American motorists
Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood bombing in December 2015
San Bernardino killing in December 2015

13. Terrorism NOT Terrorism CRITERIA Who is responsible?
What do they want to achieve?
What tactics are they using?
Who are the targets and who is the audience?
Terrorism
NOT Terrorism

14. Criteria to distinguish “terrorism” from “other human-on-human violence”
Typical answers to our earlier questions:
Who is responsible?
Non-state actors
What do they want to achieve?
Political, religious, nationalistic, or ideological goals
Usually not economic or personal
What tactics are they using?
Violence as a means to instill fear, intimidate, coerce
Who are the targets and who is the audience?
Target certain actors but other actors are the audience that terrorists seek to influence

15. Motivations and sources of terrorism
Nationalist aspirations
Racial, religious identities: most terrorists not religious, most fundamentalists not terrorists
Resentment and resistance to oppression
Fear/alienation: response to perceived threat of “other"
Poverty, disenfranchisement, disempowerment
Political discontent

16. Are terrorists rational?
Rationality addresses means, not goals
Terrorists appear quite rational in means they use to achieve their goals
Pick targets appropriate to achieving goals
Use randomness when it furthers goals
Choose means that make up for lack of power
To extent they succeed, it’s an example of “paradox of unrealized power”

17. Types of terrorism State terrorism International terrorism
Transnational terrorism
Domestic terrorism
Nationalist-separatist terrorism

18. Responses to terrorism
Deter
Defend
Criminalize
Preempt
Negotiate and compromise
Remove conditions that promote it

19. A personal account of terrorists
Commander (and Doctor) William Peffley
University of Oregon
Pre-med BS in Psychology
Puddles the Duck for 2 years
Doctor as part of Guantanamo Bay Joint Task Force

20. How does terrorism fit (or not) with 3 theories from course
Realism - doesn’t expect non-state actors to play important roles but does expect violence as useful and fungible
Institutionalism - institutions have an important role to play in allowing US to operate effectively in its fight against terrorism (Walt). Nonstate actors play a far more important role in institutionalist thought.
Disenfranchised –marginalization, oppression, and disempowerment of groups based on identity as source/breeding ground of terrorism. If you take everything away from people then terrorism may be the only tool they have.