1. Chapter 23 Section 1 Notes Equality for Latinos and Native Americans

2. Origin of Latinos in U.S.
Latino means anyone from Central Am. or Carribean
Mexicans
Largest group
Mostly settled in SW U.S.
Arrived at various times throughout history
Some were here when we added land
Mexican – American war ( )
Map on pg. 136
Some arrived during Mexican Revolution
1910’s (pgs. 363 – 365)
Braceros arrived during WWII
U.S. needed cheap agricultural labor
Some arrived during 1960s
Mexican economy was really bad

3. Other Latino Groups common in U.S.
Puerto Ricans
Became U.S. territory in 1898 (still is)
Treaty of Paris (end of Sp. – Am. War)
New York most populated city
Cubans
Became U.S. territory in 1898
Independent in 1930s
Many arrive in 1959 to flee Communism
Castro
Miami most populated city
Variety of Central Am.
Countries
Why do people come to U.S?
Civil War and poverty

4. Latino – Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s
Job Discrimination
50% higher unemployment and poverty rates than whites
Housing Discrimination
Couldn’t afford to buy a house
Many landlords wouldn’t rent to them
Had to live in Segregated Barrios
Poorly constructed shacks
Businesses deny service
Just like African - Americans

5. Latino Activism in the 1960s & 1970s
Farm Worker Movement
Led by Cesar Chavez
Believed workers needed a union
Better wages and benefits
Organized boycott of California Grape growers
Mgmt. refused to recognize the union
lasted 5 years
nonviolent (like MLK Jr.)
Eventually succeeded

6. Called for Bilingual Education National law passed in 1968
Brown Power Movement
Called for Bilingual Education
National law passed in 1968
Brown Berets
Organized student walkouts in schools
Called for improvements
Smaller class sizes
More Latin Am. Role models
teachers & administration
Courses on Latin Am. history
Political power
elected mayors and members to Congress

7. Native Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s
Highest unemployment rate
Highest poverty rate
Highest infant mortality rate
Suffered most from alcoholism
High rates of drug abuse
Lowest life expectancy rate
MOST IF NOT ALL STILL TRUE TODAY!

9. Native Am. Activism in the 1960s & 1970s
Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961)
Created by leaders of 90 Native American tribes
no more termination policy
Govt. funded attempts to assimilate (blend) Native Ams. with society.
Main Goal = Wanted autonomy
independence to make own decisions regarding their people
need govt. financial assistance on reservations
Govt. responds slowly… but does provide $
President Kennedy with Native American Representatives Meeting the President. Washington: President Kennedy met with representatives of 90 American Indian tribes at the White House and was presented with the Declaration of Indian Purpose. During the ceremony, Kennedy described the American Indian as the "First Citizen" and said all Americans “have a strong obligation to improve the living conditions of the Indians”

10. American Indian Movement (begins in 1968)
2 Goals
combat police brutality against Native Ams.
get land rights back (explain)
Methods used
Marches
“Trail of Broken Treaties” on Wash. DC
Violent incidents
Wounded Knee hostage situation
Occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Destroyed records
Caused $2 million in damages

12. The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 members of the American Indian Movement seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. The protest followed an unsuccessful attempt by a local tribe to impeach their leader, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protestors attacked the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Indian people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations.
AIM activists controlled the town for 71 days while U.S. and local law enforcement agencies cordoned off the area. The activists chose the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre for its symbolic value. Both sides were armed and shooting was frequent. 4 people were killed total… 1 govt. official, 2 Native Ams., and 1 Civil Rights activist on site to help. Due to damage to the houses, the small community was not reoccupied until the 1990s.
The occupation attracted wide media coverage, especially after the press accompanied two U.S. Senators from South Dakota to Wounded Knee. The events electrified American Indians, who were inspired by the sight of their people standing in defiance of the government which had so often failed them. Many Indian supporters traveled to Wounded Knee to join the protest. At the time there was widespread public sympathy for the goals of the occupation, as Americans were becoming more aware of longstanding issues of injustice related to American Indians.

13. Native Am. Victories Gained power to control children’s education
Got some land back from Govt.
Got $ from Govt. for some land sold in the past to
people for ridiculously cheap prices
Loss
No $$$ back for wrongful deaths
of ancestors