1. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1 The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Lesson 2 Levels of Organization
Chapter Wrap-Up

2. Agree or Disagree: Create a T chart and put these statements in either column
1. Cell division produces two identical cells.
2. Cell division is important for growth.
3. At the end of the cell cycle, the original cell no longer exists.
4. Unicellular organisms do not have all the characteristics of life.
5. All the cells in a multicellular organism are the same.
6. Some organs work together as part of an organ system.

3. The Cell Cycle and Cell Division- Objectives
Describe what occurs during Interphase and Mitosis
Explain what a cell must do before in an effectively duplicate itself

4. Launch Activity Cellular Copies!!!
Read the steps to completing this “Launch Lab” on text p.85
Create a cell (use most of page)
Cut in half and give to partner
Have them finish your other half
Compare the original cell to the
new cell finished by your partner

5. What did we notice? How did the new cells compare to the original?
What are some things that might be done in the early steps to produce two new cells that are more like the original cell?
What problems might occur if a “new” cell does not form correctly?

6. What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements.
As we go through this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

7. How can one cell become a multicellular organism?

8. Fun Cell Division Facts!
Cell multiplication is the same as cell division! (Don’t tell a math teacher)
Bacteria can double themselves every 20 minutes!!!
Ok math people: If you have 2 bacteria and you let them sit for 6 hours (about the length of the school day), How many bacteria would you end with?

9. The Cell Cycle Cycles occur in nature.
The life cycles of living organisms such as trees are affected by the change in seasons.
Bill Brooks/Alamy

10. The Cell Cycle (cont.)
Most cells in an organism go through a cycle of growth, development, and division called the cell cycle.
There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic phase.

11. Quick Review What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
What must the cell do with its nucleus before it divides into two cells?

12. Interphase
Interphase occurs in three stages: G1, S, and G2. (G= Grown S = synthesis)

13. Interphase 3 Stages G1: growth and replication of organelles
S: DNA is doubled up (why?)
G2: Preparation for cell division
Most of a cell’s life is spent in interphase.

14. Interphase (cont.)
The cell’s DNA is copied during the S stage (synthesis)
DNA exists as pairs of identical chromosomes called sister chromatids.
Held together by the centromere.

15. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) Half from mom half from dad!

16. Interphase & Mitosis Overview
DNA doubled in interphase so two new cells (Daughter Cells) have same DNA and same # of chromosomes
Cells divide for growth, repair and reproduction
Eukaryotic division takes longer than prokaryotic (because eukaryotic cells are more complex)

17. Review Questions
1. List a few things that could go wrong when a cell divides. 2. What are the two main phases of the cell cycle? 3. What are some things that a cell does during interphase? 4. Draw a chromosome with sister chromatids connected by a centromere

18. SWBAT
State what the results of cellular mitosis is and its importance to all living things
Explain what occurs with the chromosomes at each stage of mitosis

19. The Mitotic Phase
After interphase where the DNA is doubled there are Two stages:
1- Mitosis: division of DNA
2- Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm and cell itself

20. What might the thread be??
The Mitotic Phase (cont.)
mitosis
from Greek mitos, means “wrap thread”; and Latin –osis, means “process”
What might the thread be??

21. The Mitotic Phase (cont.)
Prophase:
Nuclear membrane disappears
DNA condenses into visible chromosomes (X’s)

22. The Mitotic Phase (cont.)
Metaphase
Chromosomes begin to line up in the middle of the cell
Why would the cell do this?

23. The Mitotic Phase (cont.)
Anaphase
Chromatids separate and are pulled to poles of the cell (looks like sideways A’s)
Cell begins to widen
Lesson 1

24. The Mitotic Phase (cont.)
Telophase:
Chromosomes are pulled to complete opposite sides of cells, you now have two cells in one!
Lesson 1

25. The Mitotic Phase (cont.)
In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides and forms two new daughter cells.

27. Results of Cell Division
The cell cycle is important for:
Reproduction, Growth, Repair and Replacement of worn out or damaged cells
In some unicellular organisms, cell division is a form of reproduction.
Cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow and develop from one cell.

28. Mitotic Review Time!
Starting with interphase... list the order all the phases of mitosis.
Explain why it is so important for DNA to condense in prophase.
What is the ultimate goal of mitosis? Or why is your body undergoing mitosis?

29. Do Now Define sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
What is the difference between the two?

30. Do Now: Copy
Before DNA is coiled up into chromosomes it exists as chromatin (looks like spaghetti)
Chromosomes are moved by centrioles which form “fiber strings” to pull the chromosomes to the opposite ends of the cell

31. Modeling Mitosis Activity

33. Results of Cell Division (cont.)
Why is the result of the cell cycle important?

34. 1- What takes place during the S stage of interphase?
2- What are the two identical chromosomes that make up a duplicated chromosome called?
3- During which phase of mitosis do the duplicated chromosomes move to the middle of the cell?
4- What is the difference between telophase and cytokinesis?

35. During interphase, most cells go through periods of rapid growth and replication of organelles, copying DNA, and preparation for cell division.

36. The nucleus and its contents divide during mitosis.
The cytoplasm and its contents divide during cytokinesis.

37. Mitosis in Plants vs. Animals
Animal cells have a membrane that pinches in
Plants grow a cell plate

38. Levels of Organization
Explain how unicellular and multicellular organisms differ.
How does cell differentiation lead to the organization within a multicellular organism?

39. Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular organisms carry out all life processes, including responding to the environment, getting rid of waste, growing, and reproducing, within one cell.

40. Unicellular Organisms (cont.)
A cell without a membrane-bound nucleus is a prokaryotic cell.
A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and many other specialized organelles.

41. Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular organisms are made of many types of eukaryotic cells working together, each with a specialized function.
List 3 ways that unicellular and multicellular organisms differ?

42. UC Irvine (College) discovered Hydra to have about the same number of genes as humans, sharing a number of the same ones. Surprisingly, they also found genes linked with Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease two areas in which UCI has traditionally strong research programs suggesting the possible use of Hydra as a research model for these two diseases.

43. Multicellular Organisms (cont.)
All cells in a multicellular organism come from one cell: a fertilized egg.
The process by which cells become different types of cells is called cell differentiation.

44. Cell Differentiation

45. Cell Differentiation- Writing
In one well written paragraph, explain a few ways that cell differentiation enables you to do the things that you love!
In 5 minutes I will call on three or four people to share their ideas!

46. Review: What do the prefixes uni and multi mean?
How can a tiny multicellular organisms like a hydra benefit humans?
Explain why cell differentiation is necessary for you to stay alive. (Use stem cell in your response)

47. Stem cells are unspecialized animal cells that are able to develop into many different cell types.

48. Multicellular Organisms (cont.)
Tissues are groups of similar types of cells in multicellular organisms that work together to carry out specific tasks.
tissue
from Latin texere, means “weave”

49. Multicellular Organisms (cont.)
Organs are groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular job.
Organ systems are groups of different organs that work together to complete a series of tasks.

52. What are these?

53. In Review… List the levels of organization from cell to organism.
What role does cell differentiation play in establishing tissues?
What are four examples of human body organ systems?

54. Multicellular Organisms (cont.)
Multicellular organisms usually have many organ systems that work together to carry out all the jobs needed for the survival of the organism.
How does cell differentiation lead to the organization within a multicellular organism?

55. Plant Differentiation!
Plants have unspecialized cells similar to animal stem cells.
These cells are grouped in areas of a plant called meristems.
What did we look at in our onion cell lab?

56. Stem Cell Essay 1 page (Typed = +5pts on exam) 4-5 Paragraphs
Outlines:
What are stems cells
How they might be good for diseases
Controversial Issues
Conclusion

57. A unicellular organism carries out all
A unicellular organism carries out all the activities necessary for survival within one cell.
Cells become specialized in structure and function during cell differentiation.

58. Organs are groups of different tissues that work together to perform a job.

59. Lesson 2 What is the process by which cells become specialized?
A. photosynthesis
B. vascular development
C. prokaryotic process
D. cell differentiation
Lesson 2

60. What are the unspecialized animal cells capable of developing into many different cell types?
A. fibers
B. stem cells
C. meristems
D. tissues
Lesson 2

61. What is the term for groups of different organs that work together to complete a series of tasks?
A. tissues
B. organisms
C. organ systems
D. stem cells

62. Do you agree or disagree?
4. Unicellular organisms do not have all the characteristics of life. 5. All the cells in a multicellular organism are the same. 6. Some organs work together as part of an organ system.

63. Key Terms Cell Differentiation Mitosis Organ Interphase Cell Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Cytokinesis
Telophase
Chromatid
Centromere
Organ
Cell
Tissue
Organ System
Organism
Stem Cell
Chromosome

64. The BIG Idea
Through cell division, one cell can produce new cells to grow and develop into a multicellular organism.

65. The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
The cell cycle consists of two phases. During interphase, a cell grows and its chromosomes and organelles replicate. During the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, the nucleus divides during mitosis, and the cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis.

66. The cell cycle results in two genetically identical daughter cells
The cell cycle results in two genetically identical daughter cells. The original parent cell no longer exists.

67. The Cell Cycle and Cell Division (cont.)
The cell cycle is important for growth in multicellular organisms, reproduction in some organisms, replacement of worn-out cells, and repair of damaged cells.

68. The one cell of a unicellular organism is able to obtain all the materials that it needs to survive.
In a multicellular organism, cells cannot survive alone and must work together to provide the organism’s needs.

69. Through cell differentiation, cells become different types of cells with specific functions. Cell differentiation leads to the formation of tissues, organs, and organ systems.