1. Ottoman Empire
The "Sick Man
of Europe"
1600s

2. Ottoman Empire Rise of the Ottomans
Ottomans settle in Asia Minor (Turkey)
Expansion through Conquest
Defeat Byzantine Empire
Fall of Constantinople – becomes Istanbul in 1453

3. “Golden Horn” – 15c map

4. Ottoman Empire Life Under Ottoman Rule
Dominate Mediterranean with Navy
Rule over many diverse people
Islam – Official Religion
Religious Toleration / Freedom
Borrow from Byzantines, Arabs, Persians

5. Ottoman Architecture Hagia Sofia

6. Ottoman Architecture Alabaster Mosque, Cairo

7. The Ottoman Empire During the 16c

8. Ottoman Empire

9. Ottoman Empire

10. Greek War for Independence: 1821-1832

11. The “Sick Man of Europe”!
Crimean War:
The “Sick Man of Europe”!

12. Ottoman Empire Fall of the Empire
Rise of Nationalism within Borders divides the empire.
In WW1 Which side did they join??
The losers!! Central powers

13. Two Armed Camps WWI
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:

14. Empire is made of multiple ethnic groups, and little to no nationalism in the empire. Much conflict, held in check by force.
There are many groups inside the empire who want to be a nation. It is always ready to “explode” and is often called the “Powder Keg”*

15. The Powder Keg of Europe

16. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians
1.5 million:

17. 1915- Istanbul - Armenian Genocide –
, Turks, (Ottomans) killed because of ethnic and religious tensions. Why? Fear of rebellion, the need for independence.
Millions forced to leave the Ottoman Empire, if not, you were killed. Terror was used.
The US is the only nation to step in to help. Standard Policy of the Ottomans was denial.
As Europeans get stronger, parts of the “sick man are taken away a little at a time. example- Serbia to Austria-Hungry

18. Genocide Against the Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
Trapizond District
73,390
15,000
Total:
2,133,190
387,800

19. Ottoman Empire Fall of the Empire
During WWI, the Ottomans joined up with the Central powers, (Germany, Austria-Hungry and Italy)
Fighting included much of the Middle East.
(Lawrence of Arabia) (Galipoli)
By the end of WWI, the Ottoman Empire is pulled apart, and most of the land is given to the winners, France and GB.

20. The Middle East in 1914

21. The middle east was an important place for OIL
Oil reserves

22. Changes in the Patterns of Territorial Control1
Changes in the Patterns of Territorial Control
Suez Canal
Planned by the French but realized by the British.
Opened in 1869.
Brought a new era of European influence in Pacific Asia.
The journey from Asia to Europe was considerably reduced (saved 6,500 km around Africa).
Increased interactions between Europe and Pacific Asia.
The region became commercially accessible.

23. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917
His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…
Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary

24. Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915 Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca
....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....
Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

25. “New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!
Prince Faisal  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions].
The House of Saud  put on the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia.
The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran.
Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.

26. Why was Turkey left independent? The Young Turks Revolt: 1908
Enver Pasha
Minister of War
Ottoman Commander- in-Chief
Mehmet Talaat
Grand Vizier,

27. Ottoman Empire

28. The Young Turks Program
Pushed for reforms  basic democratic rights:
freedom of speech.
freedom of assembly.
freedom of the press.
Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

29. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)
Republican Party Goals:
republicanism (National Assembly).
nationalism (“Turkification”).
statism (state-controlled economy).
secularism (free from religious control).
reformism.
1924  abolished the caliphate.

30. Atatürk’s Reforms “Turkify” the Islamic faith
Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.
Secular education.
Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.
Sharia courts closed  new secular courts.
Western-style clothing
Forbid the wearing of the fez 
Western-style men’s suits.
Attacked the veiling of women.

31. Atatürk’s Reforms Adoption of a Surname.* Language Reform:
Roman alphabet replaced the Arabic script.
Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions.
State Socialism:
State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses.
Adoption of a Surname.*

32. The Middle East Between the Wars