1. Internal Forces and Climate

2. I. Introduction

3. I. Introduction Erosion rate: 14 cm per 1000 years

4. I. Introduction Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr
Rate x Time = Distance

5. I. Introduction Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr
Rate x Time = Distance
ft * Time = 20,000 ft yr
Time = ???

6. I. Introduction Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr
Rate x Time = Distance
ft * Time = 20,000 ft yr
Time = 152 million years

7. I. Introduction Erosion rate: 4 cm per 1000 years, or 0.000131 ft/yr
Rate x Time = Distance
ft * Time = 20,000 ft yr
Time = 152 million years

8. II. The endogenic effect
A. Overview

9. II. The endogenic effect
“The difference between the two masses
represent a balance in endogenic mechanics”
A. Overview

11. Archimede’s Principle: An object is immersed in a fluid
is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.

12. II. The endogenic effect
Epeirogeny
“uplift or depression on a regional scale, with minimal disruption of original rock structure”
e.g.: isostacy

14. C. Orogeny and Tectonic Geomorphology

15. D. Volcanism

16. Two overlying controls: Silicon content of magma Temperature of magma
D. Volcanism
Two overlying controls:
Silicon content of magma
Temperature of magma

17. 1. Lava Plains and Plateaus
D. Volcanism
1. Lava Plains and Plateaus

20. Lava Plains and Plateaus 2. Shield Volcanoes
D. Volcanism
Lava Plains and Plateaus
2. Shield Volcanoes

21. Shield volcanoes Tall volcanoes –3 or 4 miles tall
Wide base – Diameter of ten of miles

23. Mauna Loa, HI

24. Mauna Loa, HI

26. Lava Plains and Plateaus Shield Volcanoes 3. Cindercone Volcanoes
D. Volcanism
Lava Plains and Plateaus
Shield Volcanoes
3. Cindercone Volcanoes

28. Cinder cones
Short, narrow cone,
Steep sides
Violent eruptions

29. Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA

30. Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA

31. D. Volcanism Lava Plains and Plateaus Shield Volcanoes
Cindercone Volcanoes
4. Composite Volcanoes

32. Composite or stratovolcanoes –
Tall volcanoes – 1 to 2 miles high
Violent eruptions

34. Mayon Volcano, Phillippines

35. Mt. St. Helens, WA

38. III. Climatic Geomorphology
A. Overview
“Examine the relationship between landforms and climate”

39. CLIMATE-PROCESS SYSTEM

40. MORPHOGENETIC SYSTEM

41. III. Climatic Geomorphology
Overview
Geomorphic Response
“response time”

42. III. Climatic Geomorphology
Overview
Geomorphic Response
“response time”

43. Milankovitch Cycles –
Eccentricity
Precession
(wobble)
Tilt

44. 400,000 years of change
Note how climate slowly cools going into a glacial period.
Then rapidly warms at the end. But quickly starts cooling again.

46. Will There Be Another Glaciation?
Are we living in an interglacial (will ice return)?
Very likely. Interglacials last ~10,000 years.
It has been ~11,000 years since the last deglaciation.
A cool period (1300–1850) resulted in the Little Ice Age.