1. WALT: Develop strategies to help you effectively answer Paper 2 Question 3
Make notes in your book from the following slides. They will help you answer the question and get the examiner on your side!

2. What is a summary?

3. What is a summary?
A summary – or précis – is a shorter version of a longer piece of writing. The summary captures all the most important parts of the original, but expresses them in a much shorter space.

4. Example
Original text ‘At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee’s back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match.’ [100 words]

5. Example
Summary Unsportsmanlike behaviour by footballers may cause hooliganism among spectators.
[9 words]

6. Paper 2 – Question 3
Though this question is called “Summary”, it is not a general summing up of each of the passages.
Instead, you will need to focus just on the specific ideas or details relevant to the question set.
You should treat the passages separately and focus on the exact wording of the question.

7. Paper 2 – Question 3
Do not synthesise the two passages. This is not required and is not rewarded!
It also makes your task more difficult as they may not be directly comparable.
Both halves of the question are equally important – write about half a page each.
(Summaries much longer than half a page are no longer summaries and will be penalised in the Writing mark).

8. Paper 2 – Question 3
You do not need to introduce or conclude your summary – this will waste time and words.
Start by using the wording of part of the question e.g. ‘The features of the desert were...’

9. Paper 2 – Question 3
Find all the points you can for each part of the question. Do not stop when you get to 15.
The only way to be sure of getting all 15 Reading marks is to use everything relevant.

10. Paper 2 – Question 3
To get all 5 Writing marks you need to show evidence of clear and concise summary style throughout, precise focus and the use of your own words.
You will lose marks if your summary is in the wrong form- for example you should not use bullet points or a list. Don’t write in the first person or write a narrative and don’t use quotation. Don’t comment on the content of the passages.

11. Paper 2 – Question 3
Use your own words whenever possible, but you do not have to find synonyms for technical objects e.g. solar heaters.
You should aim to use complex sentences containing more than one point in each to score well for reading and be concise enough for summary style.

12. Paper 2 – Question 3
Make sure that your points count – they need to be clear, not vague.
Don’t repeat points

13. Let’s revise! Writing Complex Sentences

14. #1: Simple Sentence A simple sentence has one subject and one verb
I like to study grammar.
A simple sentence is also called an independent clause.
An independent clause ends with a full stop or semicolon.

15. Independent clause: only one subject and one verb
Simple sentence
One subject
I love you.
One verb
Independent clause: only one subject and one verb

16. #2: Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by one of the following:
A comma and one of the FANBOYS
I like to study grammar, and I love this class.
A semicolon
I like to study grammar; I love this class.
A semicolon and a transitional
I like to study grammar; therefore, I love this class.
F or
A nd
N or
B ut
O r
Y et
S o

17. Two independent clauses joined together
Compound sentence
Independent clause
I love you, and you love me.
Independent clause
Two independent clauses joined together

18. #3: Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is a simple sentence (independent clause) to which a part of a sentence (dependent clause) has been added.
Because I like to study grammar, I love this class.
I love this class because I like to study grammar.

19. Because you love me, I love you.
Complex sentence
Dependent clause
Because you love me, I love you.
Independent clause
A dependent clause joined to an independent clause. (The dependent clause needs the rest of the sentence for support.)

20. Fragment! Because you love me. Dependent clause
A dependent clause contains a subject and verb. It begins with a subordinating conjunction, and thus it does not express a completed thought. A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause.
Dependent clauses, like babies, cannot stand alone.

21. A Tip on Punctuation
Since dependent clauses are only part of a sentence, you can never connect them to another sentence with a semicolon. Semicolons are only used between two independent clauses.
I have loved you for years ; although I never admitted it.
I have loved you for years, although I never admitted it.
No! OK

22. Common Subordinating (Dependent) Conjunctions
after
even if
now that
that
where
although
even though
once
though
whereas as if
rather than
unless
wherever
as if
whenever
since
until
whether
because
in order
so that
when
which
before
than
in case
while

23. #4: Compound/Complex Sentence
A compound/complex sentence is the last and most complicated type of sentence.
It contains at least one dependent clause and at least two independent clauses.

24. Compound complex sentence
Dependent clause
Because we are a family, I love you, and you love me.
2 independent clauses
A dependent clause added to two or more independent clauses.

25. Since every sentence in English fits into one of these four categories,
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound/
complex

26. CONGRATULATIONS! YOU NOW KNOW EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW:
To write anything you want to write,
Any way you want to write it,
And still get the punctuation right each time!
CONGRATULATIONS!

27. Paper 2 – Question 3 3 - Summarise:
(a) the dangers that exist for orang-utans, according to Passage B;
(b) the care and understanding demonstrated by Yvette Leroy and her staff for the pygmy chimp and the gorillas in Passage A.
Use your own words as far as possible.
You should write about 1 side in total, allowing for the size of your handwriting.
Up to fifteen marks will be available for the content of your answer, and up to five marks for the quality of your writing.
[Total: 20]

28. Passage B Deforestation and the Orang-utan
Borneo is the world’s third largest island and home to one of the oldest, most precious tropical rainforests. The World Wildlife Fund is taking action now to protect a large area, the Heart of Borneo, from being destroyed. We need your help to make this happen.
Over the past ten years, more than 360 new species of plants and animals have been identified – and we know there are many more still waiting to be discovered.
Unless we step in, these species could be lost forever. Deforestation is sweeping across this incredible island and threatening its jewel, the Heart of Borneo. Commercial logging – much of it illegal – and clearance for agriculture and palm oil plantations cause most of the damage. Fires, deliberately started to prepare land for the plantations, are also a serious and recurrent hazard.
Why is it so important to protect the Heart of Borneo? Thousands of the species are unique to the island, making their extinction a real possibility. The forests are also home to a rich diversity of plant species that could provide future treatments and cures for diseases. Lastly, the region is home to 500,000 people, plus a dwindling population of the ‘man of the forest’, otherwise known as the orangutan.

29. Passage B Deforestation and the Orang-utan
Borneo and Sumatra. They spend most of their time in the treetops, feeding and sleeping. If the trees are removed, the orang-utans lose both their home and their food source.
Female orang-utans usually give birth to one baby, before taking care of it for up to six years. Orangutans have the slowest reproductive cycle of all great apes, an average of eight years between births. Sadly their slow reproduction cannot keep the population from declining because of the impact of deforestation and poaching.
Palm oil production is very profitable. It is a main ingredient in all kinds of everyday products such as ice cream. The climate and landscape of Borneo make the island a magnet for plantation developers, but to get to the soil they have to clear the trees. Being exotic hardwoods, the trees themselves are also valuable.
In 2001, the World Bank predicted that all unprotected Sumatran rainforest would disappear by 2005; this happened.

30. Passage B Deforestation and the Orang-utan
In 2005, the World Wildlife Fund predicted an uncertain future for the remaining rainforest in Borneo. Without protection, by 2020 the rainforest could become too fragmented to ensure the long term survival of the orang-utans.
Scientists believe that up to half of the orang-utan population has been lost over the past ten years. If their annual death rate increases by just two per cent, orang-utans face extinction in the next thirty years.
Despite legal protection, there’s a thriving underground market for orang-utans as pets. Up to three a day are taken for this reason alone. Orang-utans are also killed for their meat.

31. Passage B Deforestation and the Orang-utan
By building roads into the rainforest, the illegal loggers make it easier for poachers to hunt and kill one thousand orang-utans each year. In nearly every case the poacher has to kill the mother to capture the baby. This means that for every baby kept as a pet, at least one adult is lost.
Clearly the first problem to tackle is deforestation. If we halt the logging and tree clearing, it will not only protect the habitat but help save the orang-utan.

32. (a) the dangers that exist for orang-utans, according to Passage B;
Borneo is the world’s third largest island and home to one of the oldest, most precious tropical rainforests. The World Wildlife Fund is taking action now to protect a large area, the Heart of Borneo, from being destroyed. We need your help to make this happen.
Over the past ten years, more than 360 new species of plants and animals have been identified – and we know there are many more still waiting to be discovered.
Unless we step in, these species could be lost forever. Deforestation is sweeping across this incredible island and threatening its jewel, the Heart of Borneo. Commercial logging – much of it illegal – and clearance for agriculture and palm oil plantations cause most of the damage. Fires, deliberately started to prepare land for the plantations, are also a serious and recurrent hazard.
Why is it so important to protect the Heart of Borneo? Thousands of the species are unique to the island, making their extinction a real possibility. The forests are also home to a rich diversity of plant species that could provide future treatments and cures for diseases. Lastly, the region is home to 500,000 people, plus a dwindling population of the ‘man of the forest’, otherwise known as the orangutan.

33. (a) the dangers that exist for orang-utans, according to Passage B;
Borneo and Sumatra. They spend most of their time in the treetops, feeding and sleeping. If the trees are removed, the orang-utans lose both their home and their food source.
Female orang-utans usually give birth to one baby, before taking care of it for up to six years. Orangutans have the slowest reproductive cycle of all great apes, an average of eight years between births. Sadly their slow reproduction cannot keep the population from declining because of the impact of deforestation and poaching.
Palm oil production is very profitable. It is a main ingredient in all kinds of everyday products such as ice cream. The climate and landscape of Borneo make the island a magnet for plantation developers, but to get to the soil they have to clear the trees. Being exotic hardwoods, the trees themselves are also valuable.
In 2001, the World Bank predicted that all unprotected Sumatran rainforest would disappear by 2005; this happened.

34. (a) the dangers that exist for orang-utans, according to Passage B;
In 2005, the World Wildlife Fund predicted an uncertain future for the remaining rainforest in Borneo. Without protection, by 2020 the rainforest could become too fragmented to ensure the long term survival of the orang-utans.
Scientists believe that up to half of the orang-utan population has been lost over the past ten years. If their annual death rate increases by just two per cent, orang-utans face extinction in the next thirty years.
Despite legal protection, there’s a thriving underground market for orang-utans as pets. Up to three a day are taken for this reason alone. Orang-utans are also killed for their meat.

35. (a) the dangers that exist for orang-utans, according to Passage B;
By building roads into the rainforest, the illegal loggers make it easier for poachers to hunt and kill one thousand orang-utans each year. In nearly every case the poacher has to kill the mother to capture the baby. This means that for every baby kept as a pet, at least one adult is lost.
Clearly the first problem to tackle is deforestation. If we halt the logging and tree clearing, it will not only protect the habitat but help save the orang-utan.

36. (a) the dangers that exist for orang-utans, according to Passage B;
Now you need to group the points you have highlighted
Number them in order of importance
Identify the greatest danger and start with that point first – which of your other points supports this?
Write ½ a page explaining the dangers that exist – use your own words
Don’t forget to use complex sentences!