1. ‘Hooked on Phonology’ worked for me!

3. Phonetics vs. Phonology
‘Phonetics gathers the raw material, Phonology cooks it’—Pike
Whereas Phonetics is limited to observing and recording
speech sounds in order to find out the physical properties of how they are produced,
Phonology is concerned with finding out the organization,
Patterns, and variations of speech sounds.
Phonology begins to connect sound patterns to meaning.
A central question in phonology is: What rules of the game?
(the game=sound production in language)

4. In Phonetics, the phone (also called segment) is king
In Phonetics, the phone (also called segment) is king. This is a phone: [p]. This is also a phone [ph]. This is a phone: [ə]. Phones are units of sound—not letters of the alphabet.
(How many phones are in the word “you”?)
In Phonology, the phoneme is king. A phoneme is an abstract unit. It cannot be heard. Phonological notation is indicated by slanted lines like: /p/
A phoneme is the minimal unit that can function to distinguish meaning.

5. Minimal Pairs [kæt] [bæt]
To show the difference in phonemes, we can use “minimal pairs” or words that only differ by swapping out one phone (segment), but result in a distinct meaning.
[bæt]
[kæt]
So, we know that /b/ and /k/ are separate phonemes.
(Note that it’s not a minimal pair if you have to add a phoneme, or if the phoneme would be in a different spot, so [bæt] and [bæti] are not minimal pairs)

6. What if there’s no difference in meaning?
[kæt] [khæt] Would these words have the same meanings? If yes, /k/ which includes both [k] and [kh] is a phoneme.

7. /k/ [kh] [k] Allophones
An allophone is a variation of a phoneme. In the previous example, k and kh are allophones of the phoneme /k/.
***How many phonemes does English have? About 44. Some languages have as few as 10 or as many as 141.***
/k/
[kh]
[k]

8. Is it an allophone? 1. Is it in complementary distribution?
Complementary distribution means that each sound occurs in a different phonetic context. There’s a rule that determines which sound will be used in a given circumstance—it’s not just a random swap.
For instance, we tend to aspirate the [k] sound when it comes at the beginning of a word.
2. Are the sounds phonetically similar? Like [θ] & [ð], but not [m] & [u].

10. Free Variation
This happens when there is an alternate pronunciation of a word that produces no change in meaning, but also there’s no rule governing this change (complementary distribution).
[təmeto] vs. [təmato]

11. To Review How is phonetics and phonology different? What’s a phoneme?
Are these Minimal pairs: tub/rub, tub/grub, mother/brother, bear/bare, bear/lair, bear/bears, care/bear, care/stare
What’s an allophone?
Name another word in English that has “free variation.”