1. Reproduction of Organisms
Meiosis / Mitosis
Sexual
Asexual

2. Reproduction of Organisms
Why do living things reproduce?

3. What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

4. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Humans produce two types of cells: body cells and sex cells. 2. Environmental factors can cause variation among individuals. 3. Two parents always produce the best offspring.

5. Do you agree or disagree?
4. Cloning produces identical individuals from one cell. 5. All organisms have two parents. 6. Asexual reproduction occurs only in microorganisms.

6. SWBAT Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Explain what sexual reproduction is, and why is it beneficial.
List out the phases of meiosis
Will describe how meiosis leads to genetic variation

7. What is sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction in which the genetic materials from two different cells combine, producing an offspring.
The female sex cell,
an egg, forms in an ovary.
The male sex cell,
a sperm, forms in the testis.

8. What is sexual reproduction? (cont.)
During a process called fertilization, an egg cell and a sperm cell join together to create a zygote.

9. Two types of Cells: Body Cells and Sex Cells
Diploid Cells
Organisms that reproduce sexually form body cells and sex cells.
In body cells of most organisms, similar chromosomes occur in pairs.
Diploid cells are cells that have pairs of chromosomes.

10. Diploid Cells (cont.)
Pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits arranged in the same order are called homologous chromosomes.
Because one chromosome is inherited from each parent, the chromosomes are not identical.
Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes.

11. Review Questions
What two cells are needed for sexual reproduction? What organs are they each made in?
Why do chromosomes appear in “pairs” in the body / diploid cells of a kitten?
Cells that do not have a pair of chromosomes are called haploid. Explain why a sperm or egg cell must be haploid.

12. Is there a connection between complexity of an organism and its total # of chromosomes?
What is the correlation between chromosome number and homologous pair number?

13. Do Now: Define the term Allele (SP)
Now use it in a sentence talking about your parents!

14. Haploid Cells haploid from Greek haploeides, means “single”
Haploid cells are cells that have only one chromosome from each pair of chromosomes.
haploid
from Greek haploeides, means “single”

15. Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype- what genes an organism has / an organisms genetic makeup
Phenotype- what traits the organism has / what it looks like

16. Genotype / Phenotype
Genotype: XY / XX
Phenotype:

17. Lab Activity Investigating Inherited Traits
Making a baby with alleles aka pennies

18. The center of the eyes are placed halfway down the oval - not about a third of the way as you may think. Also, the ears are attached to the head on line with the eyes.
The bottom half of the oval can now be split in two again to fix the position of the tip of the nose. The remaining space below this is also divided in two and the imaginary line here positions the mouth.
Even though Sketch B shows this with the eyes & ears, nose and mouth only very simply defined, you can see how everything 'looks right' already

19. How is meiosis different than mitosis?
Haploid Cells (cont.)
In meiosis, one diploid cell divides and makes four haploid sex cells.
Meiosis occurs only during the formation of sex cells.
Meiosis involves two divisions of the nucleus, meiosis I and meiosis II.
A reproductive cell goes through interphase before beginning meiosis I.
How is meiosis different than mitosis?

20. What is the difference between diploid and haploid?
What are the pairs of different forms of a gene on a homologous chromosome called?
Why do these pairs always exist in twos?
If a human has 46 chromosomes, how many homologous pairs should we see?

21. Do Now: Define the term Meiosis Use the words meiosis mitosis diploid and haploid in one sentence (SP)

22. The Phases of Meiosis
There are four phases of meiosis I.

23. The Phases of Meiosis (cont.)
There are four phases of meiosis II.

24. The Phases of Meiosis (cont.)
List the phases of meiosis in order.
Compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis.

25. Why is meiosis important?
Meiosis forms sex cells with the correct haploid number of chromosomes.
Meiosis also creates genetic variation by producing haploid cells.
When haploid sex cells join together during fertilization, they make a diploid zygote, or fertilized egg.

26. Why is meiosis important? (cont.)
The fertilized egg, formed when sex cells join together, divides by mitosis to create a diploid organism.

27. Why is meiosis important?
Compare the chromosome number at end of meiosis to the number at the end of fertilization.

28. How do mitosis and meiosis differ?
During mitosis and cell division, a body cell and its nucleus divide once and produce two identical cells.
The two daughter cells produced by mitosis and cell division have the same genetic information.

29. How do mitosis and meiosis differ? (cont.)
During meiosis, a reproductive cell and its nucleus divide twice and produce four cells—two pairs of identical haploid cells.
Meiosis forms sex cells used for sexual reproduction.

30. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
Genetic variation occurs in all organisms that reproduce sexually.
Due to genetic variation, individuals within a population have slight differences.

31. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
Genetic variation may enable one plant to be more disease-resistant than another within the same species.

33. MRSA- Evolution right before our eyes!
Antibiotic resistant bacteria that grows in clusters, multiplies very rapidly.
Causes infections, ranging from simple skin infections to septicemia (infection of the bloodstream).
It is spreading rapidly in the United States and worldwide.

34. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
Selective breeding has been used to develop many types of plants and animals with desirable traits.
Ingram Publishing/ SuperStock
Stockbyte/Getty Images
Medioimages/PunchStock
image100/SuperStock
Wally Eberhart/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images

35. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction (cont.)
Why is sexual reproduction beneficial?
List two ways variation can help an organism survive.

36. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Organisms have to grow and develop until they are mature enough to produce sex cells.
Organisms must form sex cells—either eggs or sperm.

37. Sexual reproduction dilemma
Organisms such as whales and elephants take almost 2 years to have a baby. This is a very long time and a reason why it is hard for them to come off the endangered species list.

38. Fertilization occurs when an egg cell and a sperm cell join together.

39. Organisms produce sex cells through meiosis.

40. Sexual reproduction results in genetic variation among individuals.

41. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
egg
sperm
fertilization
Zygote
Phenotype
diploid
homologous chromosomes
haploid
Meiosis
Genotype

42. Cells that have pairs of chromosomes are called ____.
A. chromosomes
B. body cells
C. diploid cells
D. sex cells

43. During which process does one diploid cell divide and make four haploid sex cells?
A. osmosis
B. fertilization
C. reproduction
D. meiosis

44. During which phase of meiosis I do chromosome pairs separate and pull to opposite ends of the cell?
A. prophase I C. anaphase II
B. metaphase I D. anaphase I

45. Asexual Reproduction asexual reproduction fission budding regeneration
vegetative reproduction
cloning

46. Asexual Reproduction SWBAT:
Describe what asexual reproduction is, and why it is beneficial.
Explain how the types of asexual reproduction differ.

47. What is asexual reproduction?
In asexual reproduction, one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and fertilization.
Because the offspring inherit all their DNA from one parent, they are genetically identical to each other and to their parent.

48. Describe asexual reproduction in your own words.
What is asexual reproduction? (cont.)
Describe asexual reproduction in your own words.

49. Do Now
Using your HW packet on asexual reproduction, you are to paraphrase the two paragraphs on “Fission” using at least 3-4 sentences. Follow directions seen below:
Briefly state what the word “paraphrase” means to the person next to you
Read the two paragraphs on Fission on p.62 in packet
Then write a 3-4 sentence paragraph that paraphrases Fission

50. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Cell division in prokaryotes is known as fission.
fission
from Latin fissionem, means “a breaking up, cleaving”

51. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
A prokaryote’s DNA molecule is copied and each copy attaches to the cell membrane.
The cell grows longer, pulling the two copies of DNA apart while the cell membrane begins to pinch inward along the middle of the cell.

52. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Through fission, the cell splits and forms two new identical offspring.

53. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
In mitotic cell division, one organism forms two genetically identical offspring through mitosis and cell division. Many unicellular eukaryotes reproduce in this way.
In budding, a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent.
Budding produces offspring genetically identical to its parent.

54. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
Animal regeneration occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent.

55. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant.
Vegetative reproduction usually involves structures such as the roots, the stems, and the leaves of plants.

56. Asexual Review What are three different types of asexual reproduction?
How are each of these three types different? Draw or describe each.

57. Some facts on cloning…
Mice, cows, sheep, cat, deer, dog, horse, mule, ox, rabbit, rat, chicken and monkeys have all been cloned
It is very hard to clone monkeys and other primates like humans because of damage to spindle fibers during the process (many groups of scientists are trying right now)
Cloned individuals can be used for many positives: reintroducing species, medical research, cloning might be able to make stem cells!
Cloning is still a controversial issue and we have a long way to go.

58. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism.
Scientists have been able to clone many animals with the chromosomes from one parent.

59. Cloning

60. Cloning cont.

61. culture
Science Use the process of growing living tissue in a laboratory
Common Use the social customs of a group of people
In your own words write two concise sentences showing the two different ways to use the word culture.

62. How to clone!

63. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
Some plants can be cloned using a method called tissue culture.

64. Cloning Review
1. Describe why the clone made during cloning will be genetically identical to the organism it came from.
2. You are a scientist talking to another scientist friend of yours…briefly list out the steps of how to clone a sheep to your buddy.
3. What are some possible negatives or issues with cloning?

65. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
Compare and contrast the different types of asexual reproduction.

66. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
One disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that the results offer little genetic variation within the population.
Asexual reproduction can also be responsible for harmful genetic mutations.

67. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
One advantage of asexual reproduction is that it allows organisms to reproduce without a mate, saving time and energy.
Asexual reproduction also enables some organisms to produce large numbers of offspring in a short period of time.

68. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
How is asexual reproduction beneficial?

69. Types of Asexual Reproduction (cont.)
Crabgrass can spread quickly because it reproduces asexually.

70. In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced without meiosis and fertilization.

71. Cloning is one type of asexual reproduction.

72. Asexual reproduction enables organisms to reproduce quickly.

73. Fission refers to the cell division of which of these?
A. DNA
B. eukaryotes
C. bacteria
D. prokaryotes

74. In mitotic cell division, an organism forms two offspring through cell division and which other process?
A. mitosis C. fission
B. regeneration D. budding

75. Which is a method for cloning some plants?
A. tissue culture
B. tissue budding
C. vegetative reproduction
D. fission

76. Lesson 2
Do you agree or disagree?
4. Cloning produces identical individuals from one cell. 5. All organisms have two parents. 6. Asexual reproduction occurs only in microorganisms.

77. Reproduction ensures the survival of species.
The BIG Idea
Reproduction ensures the survival of species.

78. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Sexual reproduction is the production of an offspring from the joining of a sperm and an egg.
Division of the nucleus and cytokinesis happens twice in meiosis. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes. Meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
Meiosis maintains the chromosome number of a species from one generation to the next.

79. Key Concepts 2
Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring by one parent, which results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
Types of asexual reproduction include fission, mitotic cell division, budding, regeneration, vegetative reproduction, and cloning.

80. Asexual reproduction is advantageous because it enables some organisms to rapidly produce a large number of offspring in a short amount of time.

81. Which type of cells have only one chromosome from each pair of chromosomes?
A. haploid cells
B. diploid cells
C. homologous cells
D. zygotes

82. Which type of reproduction occurs when the genetic materials from two different cells combine to produce offspring?
A. asexual C. sexual
B. animal D. zygote

83. What is the name of the new cell formed through fertilization during sexual reproduction?
A. an egg
B. a sperm
C. a chromosome
D. a zygote

84. Which term describes offspring growing from a piece of its parent?
A. cloning
B. budding
C. fission
D. regeneration

85. Which process do farmers use to make copies of a plant with desirable traits?
A. regeneration
B. vegetative propagation
C. cloning
D. budding

86. In which of these organs is a female organism’s egg produced?
A. ovaries
B. homologous chromosomes
C. testes
D. haploid cells

87. Meiosis occurs during the formation of which of these?
A. body cells
B. diploid cells
C. sex cells
D. chromosomes

88. Which of these is the final phase of meiosis in which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromatids?
A. telophase II C. prophase I
B. metaphase II D. telophase I

89. A new organism grows, by mitosis and cell division, on the body of its parent during which process?
A. cloning
B. budding
C. regeneration
D. vegetative reproduction

90. What type of asexual reproduction is often performed in a laboratory to produce identical individuals from a cell or cluster of cells?
A. regeneration
B. mitosis
C. cloning
D. vegetative reproduction