1. Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Life

2. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. Carbon (C)
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O, N & P.
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)

4. What are other elements you expected to be on this list?
The Atoms of Life
The most frequently found atoms in the body are “CHONP” (not in this order).
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
What are other elements you expected to be on this list?

5. Making the Molecules of Life
Each molecule has one or more roles in living systems.
Energy
Structure
Information

6. Molecule Structure & Function
Bond types determine what a molecule does.
Covalent bonds provide…
Structure
Store (chemical potential) energy

7. Molecule Structure & Function
Ionic and hydrogen bonds are weaker but can provide...
Structure:
Holding different molecules together
Holding parts of a single molecule together.

8. Macromolecules MONOMER: individual unit / “building block”
Example: glucose
POLYMER: many monomers bonded together to create a long strand
Example: starch
Macromolecules are all polymers made from smaller parts
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose

9. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates
Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

10. Carbohydrates

11. Carbohydrates
Range from small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
glucose
glucose
maltose
glucose
cellulose

12. Carbohydrates MONOMER = Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Elements involved: CHO
Also called “simple sugars”
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
fructose
galactose
glucose

13. Carbohydrates
Range from small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Types:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide

14. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
fructose
galactose
glucose

15. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose

16. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Called “complex carbs”
Examples: starch cellulose glycogen
glucose
cellulose

17. Carbohydrates Functions of carbohydrates:
Short-term energy storage for plants & animals
Source of carbon
Structural elements of cells and tissues

18. Review Questions
What is the difference between a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide?
Provide an example of a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide.
What are 2 functions of carbohydrates?

19. Lipids

20. Lipids General term for compounds which are NOT soluble in water.
Lipids are hydrophobic
Hydrophobic = water fearing / water hating
Remember: lipids store the most energy

21. Lipids *fatty acid chains
The MONOMER for lipids…
*fatty acid chains
3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol make a triglyceride…

22. Lipids
The polymer of lipids is a Triglyceride: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains (monomers).
Elements involved: CHO H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

23. Fatty Acids There are two TYPES of fatty acids
1. Saturated: maximum # of hydrogens (no double bonds)
2. Unsaturated: less than the maximum # of hydrogens (1+ double bonds) O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
saturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
unsaturated

24. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

25. Lipids Examples: 1. Fats 2. Waxes (saturated) 3. Oils (unsaturated)
4. Phospholipids
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides

26. Lipids 4 functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation), physical shock & water loss
3. Chemical messengers (hormones)
4. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

27. Review Questions What are the parts of a triglyceride?
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?
What are 2 functions of lipids?

28. Proteins

29. Proteins (Polypeptides)
MONOMER = Amino acids (A.A.s)
Elements involved: CHON
Made up of C, H, O and N (amino refers to the presence of nitrogen)
There are 20 different amino acids
A.A.s are bonded together by peptide bonds to create a…
Polypeptide: strand of amino acids, which becomes a protein!

30. Amino Acids Asparagine (Asn) Lysine (Lys) Glutamic Acid (Glu)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Leucine (Leu)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Valine (Val)
Serine (Ser)
Proline (Pro)
Threonine (Thr)
Alanine (Ala)
Tryosine (Tyr)
Histidine (His)
Glutamine (Gln)
Asparagine (Asn)
Lysine (Lys)
Glutamic Acid (Glu)
Aspartic Acid (Asp)
Cystenine (Cys)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Argenine (Arg)
Glycine (Gly)
Methionine (Met)
Start codon

31. Proteins

32. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Examples of proteins: Functions:
1. Muscle Movement:
2. Hemoglobin Transport
3. Hormones Regulation
4. Albumin (egg white) Storage
5. Membranes, hair, nails Structural
6. Enzymes Cellular reactions

33. Review Questions What are the monomers that make up a protein?
How are those monomers held together?
What are 2 functions of proteins?

34. Nucleic Acids

35. Nucleic acids Two types: a. DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) - double helix
b. RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)
- single strand
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

36. Nucleic acids MONOMER = Nucleotide Nucleotides include:
phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogen base

37. Nucleic acids Elements involved: CHONP MONOMER = Nucleotide
Nucleotides include:
phosphate group (1 P & 4 Os)
pentose sugar (5 Cs)
nitrogen base:
ATGC in DNA
AUGC in RNA
Nitrogen bases:
adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only

38. Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
5-C Sugar

39. Nucleic acids POLYMER = Nucleic Acid Made of many nucleotides

40. DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

41. Nucleic acids Examples: DNA RNA tRNA mRNA rRNA

43. DNA - double helix

44. Nucleic acids 5 Functions: 1. Store genetic information
2. Pass genetic information from one generation to the next
3. Create proteins
4. Determine the job of every cell in an organism
5. Identify individual organisms

46. Macromolecules You are what you eat… LITERALLY!

47. Review Questions What are the parts of a nucleotide?
What is the difference between RNA & DNA?
What are 2 functions of nucleic acids?

48. Review What is the main example of monosaccharides?
What are 3 examples of polysaccharides? What is the purpose of each one in humans?
How are monosaccharides used differently in humans than polysaccharides? How are they structurally different from each other?
List, in order, the types of macromolecules by their effectiveness of energy usage? (What does our body use first, second, etc?)

49. Review
5. Draw one molecule of water, labeling the more positive and more negative regions.
6. Draw 3 water molecules. Label the forces that a) hold the atoms together and b) the forces that hold the molecules together
7. How could you break each of the forces from #6?
8. How is cellulose used differently in plants vs. cows vs. humans?